…Indications Inability to protect the airway: reduced level of consciousness, loss of pharyngeal reflexes, vomiting with a risk of aspiration. Inadequate oxygenation despite maximal oxygen…

…or subacute. In the catastrophic form, an acute tear causes haemopericardium, tamponade, and sudden: Loss of pulse. Loss of blood pressure. Loss of consciousness. Electromechanical…

…transient loss of consciousness was due to syncope, identify the cause, and assess the risk for future episodes and serious harm. This evaluation should include…

…Although ECG changes in NSTEMI and unstable angina have been discussed previously (refer to Classification of Acute Coronary Syndromes, and Ischemia and the ST Segment…

…lesions (these give a more superficial and less controllable depth of freeze). A size 15 scalpel or a pumice stone to pare down hyperkeratotic lesions…

…infarction process is more or less completed. Post ischemic T wave inversions emerge at the earliest 4–6 hours after an episode of ischemia/infarction…

…the child in the supine position. This is possible due to the small distance between the heart and the ultrasound transducer, and because less air…

…a less compelling basis for intervention. The source material does not provide a distinct symptom profile, physical examination pattern or biomarker signature specific to CTOs…

…a rapid bolus, and a smaller bolus where the risk of fluid overload is high 0 to 30 min Clinical assessment of the focus; check…

…be referred to as junctional escape rhythm . Junctional tachycardia is less common. Basic knowledge of arrhythmias and cardiac automaticity will facilitate understanding of this article…

…chest compressions are ineffective. This is explained by the elevated intrapericardial pressure due to the tamponade. The increased pressure causes compression of the atria and…

…vast majority of all deaths in the acute phase of STEMI. Death due to ventricular dysfunction, or mechanical complications, is much less common in the…

…in complex multivessel or left main disease. Clinical presentation and symptoms The clinical presentation of multivessel CAD varies from stable angina or exertional limitation to…

…attack : : : : Speech Full sentences Cannot complete a sentence in one breath Single words or unable to speak Position and behaviour Can lie down or sit…

…questions determine the initial management: 1. Does the patient have severe neurological symptoms that may be due to the hyponatraemia? 2. Is the hyponatraemia acute…

…measure of luminal obstruction. Calcified plaque is generally less likely to rupture than non calcified, lipid rich plaque. CAC nevertheless serves as a marker of…

…block (LPFB) Left posterior fascicular block is much less common than LAFB. This is due to the fact that the posterior fascicle is larger and

…classified as 4 to 3 block, which is less common. 5 to 4 block is even more uncommon. Note that the higher the degree of…

…of mechanical cardiac function. Results in loss of consciousness, cessation of breathing, and absence of a palpable pulse. Ventricular contraction has ceased or unable to…

…for irrigation. Small children need help to keep still. Sedation is usually better than physical restraint — ketamine provides both immobilisation and less psychological trauma than…

…waves (loss of atrial activation) and consequently loss of QRS complexes (loss of ventricular depolarization). Sinoatrial blocks are subdivided into three degrees according to the…

…primarily due to its association with ischemic stroke and systemic embolism. The contemporary understanding of AF has evolved significantly; it is no longer viewed merely…

…mg) to reduce the risk of a cholinergic vagal reaction with bradycardia. Wait 5–10 minutes . 4. Give 2 mg of edrophonium intravenously as a…

…likelihood of arrhythmia onset. However, beta blockers do not completely eliminate the risk. In LQT3 patients, where arrhythmias often occur at rest due to late…

…suspicion of ARVC. The gradual loss of myocardium leads to ventricular dilation and right heart failure. Biventricular heart failure is less common. ECG in ARVC…

…unless resuscitation is attempted. Sudden cardiac death is defined as an unexpected death due to cardiac causes that occur within 1 hour of symptom onset…

…activated protein kinase and inhibit mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signalling, thereby reducing inflammatory mediator expression and glycolytic activity in relevant renal and cardiovascular…

…48 hours after the infusion has been completed. Furthermore, the blood pressure lowering effect persists for a duration of 3 to 4 days post infusion…

…universal classification distinguishes infarction according to its mechanism: Type 1 myocardial infarction: acute atherosclerotic plaque disruption or erosion with coronary thrombosis. Type 2 myocardial infarction…

…due to dysfunction in the conduction system. The J point and the ST segment The ST segment corresponds to the plateau phase (phase 2) of…

…complexes with immunoglobulins, leading to higher levels of troponin being detected with conventional assays. False positive elevations of troponin are rarely explained by such interference…

…the influence of macrophage colony stimulating factor (M CSF) [4] . These macrophages express scavenger receptors (e.g., SR A, CD36) that, unlike the classic LDL…

…availability of atropine, isoproterenol, or transcutaneous pacing for post shock bradycardia, and use of biphasic defibrillators , which are standard due to superior efficacy over monophasic…

… refer to Segments of the Left Ventricle). Regional wall motion abnormalities are defined as regional abnormalities in contractile function. Ischemic heart disease is the most…

…ability is less robust in CABG treated patients, as surgery can bypass complex lesions irrespective of their angiographic complexity. Evolution: SYNTAX Score II To address…

…of mobility, cognition, independence, functional capacity, and quality of life may be equally important therapeutic objectives. Evidence from randomized trials is often less applicable to…

…there is discordance (opposite directions of QRS and T) which might be due to pathology. A negative T wave is also called an inverted T…

…novo mutations are less common than inherited mutations. Clearly, not all DCM genes have been discovered. Genetic testing for DCM Genetic testing of patients with…

…leads if possible to distinguish true bradyarrhythmic or asystolic arrest from other tachyarrhythmic events. On the surface electrocardiogram, sinus bradycardia may appear at rates of…

…of a variant inherited from a parent. A de novo variant. Less commonly, autosomal recessive inheritance. X linked or other non autosomal dominant mechanisms. Complex…

…regarded as a series of completely discrete diseases. Heart failure extends across the full range of LVEF, and echocardiographic measurement is subject to meaningful variability…

…depolarized during the end of the QRS complex. Due to this it is sometimes recommended that ST segment deviation be measured in the J 60…

…tachycardia may occur due to embryological remnants within the atrial myocardium. These residual tissues, persisting from cardiac embryogenesis, are capable of exhibiting markedly increased automaticity…

…because echocardiography is less sensitive with respect to RVH, because the right ventricle is difficult to visualize clearly with trans thoracic echocardiography. Causes of right…

…Individuals with nonspecific intraventricular conduction delays were at particularly high risk of death due to arrhythmias. Note that other causes of wide QRS complex must…

…QRS complex. This rhythm is referred to as a junctional rhythm . The His Purkinje network : All these fibers possess automaticity with an intrinsic rate of…

…out of the stent, stent diameter less than 3 mm, long stent length Large thrombotic burdens increase procedural risk because thrombus can fragment, embolize to…

…5% to 10% of all males. It is less common among women (prevalence 2% to 4%). The condition has been recognized for decades, and it…

…after complex coronary intervention. The clinical importance of residual disease is also influenced by anatomic complexity and comorbidity, which themselves may contribute to progression of…

…region of interest and optimize the image. These maneuvers are tilting, rotating, sliding, rocking and angling. Tilt : The transducer maintains the same axis orientation to…

…It includes a complete ECG book, enriched with over 600 pages, engaging video lectures, challenging tests, and versatile study tools. From basic cardiac physiology to…

…AV block III (complete heart block). P waves are not related to QRS. PP interval is constant, but independent of RR interval, which is also…

…narrow QRS complexes indicate that the block and the ectopic focus (which generates the escape rhythm) are located proximal to the bifurcation of the His…

…consumption but to achieve complete abstinence from tobacco and ultimately from nicotine. Smoking is a major modifiable driver of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Its relationship…

…of the QRS complex. Net direction of the QRS complex The QRS complex can be classified as net positive or net negative, referring to its…

…of poisons. Stabilisation according to ABCDE, the plasma glucose, a blood gas and an ECG all come before complete identification of the substance. Treatment of…

Info In January of this year, we administered a poll to see whether our users were interested in obtaining certificates. The results were clear: 89…

…may be complete or partial, depending on the size of the thrombus and the plaque. The patient will experience severe chest pain due to the…

…to recognize these situations since they should be managed clinically as STEMI. The explanation for this is simple: transmural ischemia is due to a complete…

…at least one of the following: airway compromise respiratory compromise circulatory compromise severe gastrointestinal symptoms, particularly after exposure to a drug, insect venom or another…