…venous pressure, pulmonary congestion, peripheral edema and body weight, often within days. However, diuretic treatment has not been shown formally to reduce heart failure mortality;…

…LV systolic function LV contractile reserve Valve function and stress related haemodynamic changes Diastolic function Pulmonary hypertension Coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) Pulmonary congestion detected…

…infarction confined predominantly to the right ventricle is rare. The clinical spectrum extends from limited right ventricular dysfunction to severe right sided failure and cardiogenic…

…measured in M mode and 2D. FS = (LVEDD LVESD)/LVEDD LVEDD = left ventricular end diastolic diameter; LVESD = left ventricular end systolic diameter…

…peripheral use +++++ +++ ++ 0 Potent vasoconstrictor with mild inotropic effect. Increases systolic pressure, diastolic pressure and pulse pressure with minimal effect on CO. Minimal chronotropic effect…

…peripheral use +++++ +++ ++ 0 Potent vasoconstrictor with mild inotropic effect. Increases systolic pressure, diastolic pressure and pulse pressure with minimal effect on CO. Minimal chronotropic effect…

…using TAPSE (Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion). Study the movement and opening of the aortic valve. Study the movement and opening of the mitral valve…

…to the number and severity of cardiovascular risk factors. Five modifiable factors—systolic blood pressure, non HDL cholesterol, diabetes, body mass index, and current smoking…

…Heart failure, acute or chronic. Bradycardia (second line option). 3.0–10.0 μg/kg/min + ++++ + +++++ Intermediate dose dopamine activates β1, releases noradrenaline and…

… and antioxidant and antithrombotic constituents from whole grains. These combined effects may improve inflammation, insulin resistance, glucose metabolism, hypertension, atherogenic dyslipidaemia, endothelial biology and platelet…

…form of typical atrial flutter, the reentrant circuit is confined to the right atrium and travels in a counterclockwise direction. The activation wavefront propagates in…

…absolute: patient phenotype, risk factors for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, echocardiographic findings, and left atrial size must also be considered. Patients with mPAP…

…for appropriately selected patients. Pathophysiological basis Exercise progressively increases myocardial oxygen demand through increases in heart rate, myocardial contractility and blood pressure. When coronary blood…

…risk plaques may coexist within one coronary tree, and inflammatory activity may be widespread rather than confined to a single lesion. Plaque composition is heterogeneous…

…while inflammation and thrombotic susceptibility are often systemic rather than confined to a single lesion. Consequently, local revascularization must be accompanied by systemic treatment aimed…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is the combined use of aspirin and an oral P2Y12 receptor inhibitor…

…Postoperative hypertension. Mechanism of action Combined beta adrenergic and alpha adrenergic blocker with rapid onset of action. Labetalol has less antihypertensive efficacy as compared with…

…at slower heart rates. Sotalol does not significantly alter resting membrane potential, action potential amplitude, or Vmax. Electrophysiologically, the drug prolongs atrial and ventricular refractoriness…

…aspiration: a new pleural effusion of unclear cause. An effusion not confidently explained by heart failure must be aspirated. Suspected empyema or complicated parapneumonic effusion…

…min). Patients with mild to moderate heart failure, kidney or liver disease, especially when combined with diuretics (risk of fluid retention and impaired kidney function)…

…is well supported in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and coronary artery disease (CAD), and after acute coronary syndromes in patients…

… congestive heart failure or other cardiac dysfunction; haemodynamic instability; anaemia; multiple myeloma or other renal disease; hepatic disease; concurrent nephrotoxic drugs, including NSAIDs; and repeated…

…flow and myocardial flow reserve with PET. Evaluate myocardial viability, particularly when combined with metabolic imaging. Contribute to assessment of cardiac inflammation, infective endocarditis, and…

…risk and approximately doubles cardiovascular risk on average. Its cardiovascular manifestations include atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure…

…rhabdomyolysis, septicemia (sepsis), osteolytic cancer metastases, abnormal calcium absorption (gastrointestinal) and resorption (from primary urine), renal failure, small bowel syndrome, parathyroid gland surgery, use of…

…cortisol assay and can be given as steroid cover during the test Oestrogen and the combined oral contraceptive These raise cortisol binding globulin and can…

…heart failure, myocardial ischaemia or syncope — that has not responded to atropine: Complete heart block (third degree AV block) and second degree AV block Mobitz…

…disease, aspirin reduced the combined incidence of non fatal MI, non fatal ischaemic stroke, and vascular death from 8.2% to 6.7% per year…

…the protocol and scanner; CAC scanning is associated with a particularly low dose, approximately 1–2 mSv, while contemporary combined coronary, pulmonary, and aortic angiography…

…functional effect of an epicardial stenosis. CFR reflects the combined influence of epicardial stenosis, resting flow and microvascular vasodilator capacity. The two measures may therefore…

…heart failure hospitalisation, sinus rhythm and a heart rate above 70 beats/min. The reduction in the combined outcome of cardiovascular death or heart failure…

…patients with diabetes and combined dyslipidaemia, non HDL C is particularly relevant because it captures triglyceride rich lipoproteins in addition to LDL and other apoB…

…distinguishing it from angina pectoris. The location of the pain beneath the xiphoid and epigastrium, combined with patient denial, often leads to a mistaken impression…

…ritonavir and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, some calcium channel blockers, colchicine, ciclosporin, warfarin and grapefruit juice. Gemfibrozil should not be combined with statins because it alters statin…

…in reperfusion therapy. Advanced ECG interpretation, combined with clinical assessment and imaging modalities, has been shown to improve the identification of these patients. Although current…

…the hemodynamic significance of a coronary lesion, with anatomic and functional assessment discordant in a substantial minority of intermediate lesions. Over the past three decades…

…ventricular function and the anticipated benefit–risk balance of revascularization. Coronary angiography remains primarily an anatomical examination, whereas contemporary decision making increasingly combines anatomical imaging…

…principally by neointimal hyperplasia. Contemporary DES combine a metallic scaffold, a polymeric or polymer free drug delivery system, and an antiproliferative agent. Their development has…

…counselling and, where appropriate, molecular testing. The approach is particularly relevant to cardiomyopathies, channelopathies, heritable aortopathies, selected congenital heart diseases, pulmonary arterial hypertension and thromboembolic…

…marked anaemia, hypertensive emergency, heart failure, and end stage renal disease, may produce elevated troponin concentrations. The probability of MI increases continuously as the absolute…

…interpreted systematically. Failure to perform systematic interpretation may actually be detrimental. We have therefore compiled a pocket guide with a universal interpretation algorithm. These 22…

…coined in 1858 by Virchow (the same Virchow who unraveled thrombosis). He used te term to describe a reduction of blood flow to tissues and…

…rupture and compromise of branch vessels. Type A disease may cause cardiac tamponade, severe acute aortic regurgitation, coronary malperfusion, myocardial ischaemia, heart failure, shock and…

…suspicion of ARVC. The gradual loss of myocardium leads to ventricular dilation and right heart failure. Biventricular heart failure is less common. ECG in ARVC…

…repolarization was coined. This notion was overturned in 2008 when Haïssaguerre et al reported a strong association between the early repolarization pattern and sudden cardiac…

…Presently, this treatment is confined to well equipped centers and is generally reserved for meticulously selected cases. Extracorporeal Life Support (ECLS) encompasses several extracorporeal systems…

…compiled by Dr Araz Rawshani, of the most widely used books in ECG education. Review of the most popular ECG books and resources Recognizing that…