…venous pressure, pulmonary congestion, peripheral edema and body weight, often within days. However, diuretic treatment has not been shown formally to reduce heart failure mortality;…

…LV systolic function LV contractile reserve Valve function and stress related haemodynamic changes Diastolic function Pulmonary hypertension Coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) Pulmonary congestion detected…

…infarction confined predominantly to the right ventricle is rare. The clinical spectrum extends from limited right ventricular dysfunction to severe right sided failure and cardiogenic…

…measured in M mode and 2D. FS = (LVEDD LVESD)/LVEDD LVEDD = left ventricular end diastolic diameter; LVESD = left ventricular end systolic diameter…

…peripheral use +++++ +++ ++ 0 Potent vasoconstrictor with mild inotropic effect. Increases systolic pressure, diastolic pressure and pulse pressure with minimal effect on CO. Minimal chronotropic effect…

…peripheral use +++++ +++ ++ 0 Potent vasoconstrictor with mild inotropic effect. Increases systolic pressure, diastolic pressure and pulse pressure with minimal effect on CO. Minimal chronotropic effect…

…using TAPSE (Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion). Study the movement and opening of the aortic valve. Study the movement and opening of the mitral valve…

…to the number and severity of cardiovascular risk factors. Five modifiable factors—systolic blood pressure, non HDL cholesterol, diabetes, body mass index, and current smoking…

…Heart failure, acute or chronic. Bradycardia (second line option). 3.0–10.0 μg/kg/min + ++++ + +++++ Intermediate dose dopamine activates β1, releases noradrenaline and…

… and antioxidant and antithrombotic constituents from whole grains. These combined effects may improve inflammation, insulin resistance, glucose metabolism, hypertension, atherogenic dyslipidaemia, endothelial biology and platelet…