…normally 950–1150 mL/min Haemodynamic profiles in shock Type CO SVR CVP/PCWP ScvO₂ : : : : : : : : : Hypovolaemic ↓ ↑ ↓ ↓ Cardiogenic ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓…

Procedurer In acute circulatory failure it is not the number of cannulae that matters but the flow per unit time . A large bore, short cannula…

…Skin symptoms may be absent, and circulatory shock does not have to be present for the condition to be serious [1]. Intramuscular adrenaline (epinephrine) is…

…It is uncommon for chronic pericardial effusions to cause sudden cardiac arrest since these cases tend to be recognized and managed before circulatory collapse occurs…

…spontaneous cardiac rhythm. The likelihood of achieving spontaneous cardiac activity is a function of the duration of circulatory standstill and the underlying cause, as elaborated…

…and rather complex. Indeed, myocardial mechanics constitute a whole research field. Cardiac function is also dependent on circulatory, pulmonary, renal and neurohormonal factors. These factors…

…be subdivided into several layers. These layers are similar to those seen in arteries throughout the circulatory system (Figure 1). The ventricular wall consists of…

…Donation after death by neurological criteria (total brain infarction) Donation after circulatory death Starting point A ventilated patient who develops total brain infarction An intensive…

…hypoglycaemia, circulatory failure, sepsis, stroke, intracranial haemorrhage, seizure, poisoning and severe withdrawal. 4. Establish whether the condition is new or clearly worse than baseline. Contact…

…and patients with advanced renal failure, marked heart failure or circulatory shock require a specific protocol and early specialist involvement. DKA and HHS are dynamic…

…a repeat sample, but do not delay treatment when there are ECG changes, circulatory compromise or a very strong clinical suspicion. 3. Give intravenous calcium…

…septic shock Haemoglobin, transfusion threshold 70 g/L 80 g/L in acute coronary syndrome See the circulatory and haemodynamic parameters for pressures, flows and…

…with frequent reassessment. Give blood according to the circulatory response and the transfusion principles below 6 Stop anticoagulants in serious ongoing bleeding. Reverse selectively according…

…WPW). Note that narrow complex tachyarrhythmia rarely causes circulatory compromise or collapse. Causes of tachycardia (tachyarrhythmia) with wide QRS complexes (QRS duration ≥0,12 s…

…dysfunction. Catastrophic or “supermassive” PE refers to refractory cardiogenic shock or the need for ongoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Mechanical circulatory support, including extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)…

…tongue, and uvula causing airway obstruction Cardiovascular: Hypotension Circulatory collapse culminating in cardiac arrest Anaphylaxis can develop without dermatological or upper airway manifestations. Anaphylactic cardiac…

…benign pneumothorax, positive pressure ventilation can precipitate a tension pneumothorax, leading to circulatory collapse. Diagnosis of a tension pneumothorax can be made via auscultation, where…

…rate . Hypoxia can precipitate cardiac arrest in septic patients; timely oxygenation can potentially prevent circulatory collapse. Initiate an intravenous bolus of 500 ml crystalloid solution …

…The lowest recorded body temperatures from which patients have been successfully resuscitated are 11.8°C for accidental hypothermia and 4.2°C for medically induced hypothermia …

…venous thrombosis – due to risk of embolization Relative contraindications for exercise ECG Severe hypertension (systolic blood pressure 200 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure 110 mmHg)…

…when interrogating witnesses, bystanders and health care professionals. The person may have some circulation despite circulatory collapse (e.g., with sustained ventricular tachycardia). Experimental and…

…and bradycardia. No Flow : Circulatory standstill, circulatory flow arrest. No flow time : The duration (minutes) from circulatory collapse to initiation of CPR. During no flow…

…Table 1). Phase Period Optimal treatment Electrical phase 0 to 4 minutes Defibrillation Circulatory phase 4 to 10 minutes Compressions and ventilation, followed by defibrillation…

…the Bernoulli principle, the sum of kinetic energy (K) and pressure energy (P) is constant as blood flows through the circulatory system. The equality of…

…with subsequent asystole. ECG 10 . Recurrence of supraventricular complexes (red arrows). ECG 11 . Relapse of VF and new shock. ECG 12 . Sinus rhythm. ECG 13…

…Ask specifically about: Onset and time course. Increased dyspnoea compared with usual. Increased sputum volume and new sputum purulence. Fever, rigors and respiratory tract symptoms…

…poorer for pCO₂ and entirely inadequate for pO₂. The differences increase in severe circulatory failure and marked respiratory failure [3,4]. Question Appropriate sample : : Metabolic…

…A positive FAST scan in an unstable trauma patient. An unstable pelvic fracture with circulatory compromise. A ruptured aortic aneurysm or another major vascular bleed…

…reach subxiphoid. Avoid sedation and positive pressure ventilation before decompression where possible: anaesthesia and intubation can precipitate circulatory collapse in a tamponaded patient , since positive…

…benzodiazepine, aspiration, hypoventilation, circulatory failure or an anticipated need for anaesthesia. Consider a 12 lead ECG when the acute situation allows, particularly before fosphenytoin, or…

…syncope, or circulatory collapse. Slowly accumulating effusions may produce a large pericardial collection with initially limited symptoms because the pericardium has had time to adapt…

…distinction provides a practical framework for selecting treatment: Clinical state Principal management approach Congestion without hypoperfusion Intravenous loop diuretic therapy Congestion with hypoperfusion Loop diuretic…

…failure, urgent hospital admission and referral to an expert centre with advanced heart failure care capabilities, including mechanical circulatory support and transplantation, is warranted. Diagnostics…

…Cardiac auscultation. Pulmonary auscultation. Evaluation for heart failure. Assessment for circulatory compromise, haemodynamic instability, or electrical instability. Posterior infarction may occur in patients with a…

…two separate occasions after 20 weeks of gestation. Preeclampsia is characterized by new onset hypertension after 20 weeks, generally accompanied by proteinuria or evidence of…

…myocardial infarction, or heart failure. Mechanical disruption must be considered whenever abrupt circulatory collapse occurs after STEMI. Rupture may involve the ventricular free wall, interventricular…

…1]. Acute Management and Treatment Alternatives The management of TdP and related malignant ventricular arrhythmias requires a structured approach focusing on rhythm stabilization, relief of…

…In circumstances of hypotension and hemorrhage, it is imperative to administer appropriate fluid or erythrocyte boluses to restore circulatory volume. To ensure optimal oxygen delivery…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation A systematic approach to ECG interpretation: an efficient and safe method The ECG must always be interpreted systematically. Failure to…

…The primary composite outcome included in hospital mortality, resuscitated cardiac arrest, cardiac transplantation or mechanical circulatory support, nonfatal myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attack or stroke…

…In the event of manifest or impending circulatory collapse, transcutaneous pacing must be started immediately. The risk of circulatory collapse is highest with AV block…