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Central venous catheter

…The femoral vein is the right choice in cardiac arrest and in the uncontrolled emergency — but it should be changed or removed once the situation…

Endocarditis: definitions, causes, diagnosis, echocardiography & treatment

…patients with valve prostheses or other cardiac devices (pacemaker, CRT, ICD). In addition to staphylococcus aureus , hemolytic streptococci and pneumococci cause acute endocarditis. Other microorganisms…

Risk factors for sudden cardiac arrest

…very difficult. Future efforts may be more successful by focusing on near term prediction using smart devices and emerging technologies ( Marijon et al ). The stochastic…

Acute exacerbation of COPD: quick reference

…Opioids, benzodiazepines and other sedating drugs. Thromboembolic risk, for example immobilisation, cancer and previous venous thromboembolism. A documented decision on the ceiling of care. Signs…

Hypoglycaemia: quick reference for emergency management

…neurologically compromised patient. Continuous glucose monitoring reflects interstitial glucose and lags behind the blood glucose during rapid changes. Pressure on the sensor, for example during…

Dix–Hallpike test and Epley manoeuvre

…cured on the spot, in three minutes, without drugs . The diagnosis rests on the history, a positive Dix–Hallpike test and the absence of other…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and Electrocardiographic Criteria

…a recent change in symptoms or signs, with or without electrocardiographic changes, and with or without acute elevations in cardiac troponin concentrations. Based on the…

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Definitions and Initial Triage

…presentations caused by suspected acute myocardial ischaemia. It includes patients with recent changes in symptoms or clinical signs, with or without diagnostic electrocardiographic abnormalities and…

Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy

…skin overlying the puncture site. Previous pelvic irradiation on the intended side (yields fibrotic, unrepresentative marrow — choose the other side). A patient who cannot lie…

Hypertensive crisis: drugs and doses

…organ damage. Isolated malignant retinopathy without other acute organ damage can often be treated more cautiously with oral drugs under careful observation [3,4]. A…

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