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Endocarditis: definitions, causes, diagnosis, echocardiography & treatment

…implies that a bacterial infection engages the heart valves and this is a serious condition. The focus of infection on the flap is called vegetation…

Central venous catheter

…departments — follow local protocol. Severe lung disease or a contralateral pneumothorax: avoid the subclavian and jugular routes on the healthy side, since a pneumothorax there…

Risk factors for sudden cardiac arrest

…or in heart muscle. In other words, the heart today is anatomically the same as it was yesterday except that an electrical charge developed which…

Acute exacerbation of COPD: quick reference

…Opioids, benzodiazepines and other sedating drugs. Thromboembolic risk, for example immobilisation, cancer and previous venous thromboembolism. A documented decision on the ceiling of care. Signs…

Hypoglycaemia: quick reference for emergency management

…neurologically compromised patient. Continuous glucose monitoring reflects interstitial glucose and lags behind the blood glucose during rapid changes. Pressure on the sensor, for example during…

Dix–Hallpike test and Epley manoeuvre

…of examination and that the examiner is experienced with the head impulse test; performed on the wrong patient or by an inexperienced examiner it is…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and Electrocardiographic Criteria

…a recent change in symptoms or signs, with or without electrocardiographic changes, and with or without acute elevations in cardiac troponin concentrations. Based on the…

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Definitions and Initial Triage

…show a dynamic change, or chronic, when troponin elevation persists without such a change. Myocarditis, sepsis, takotsubo cardiomyopathy, valvular disease, arrhythmias, and heart failure are…

Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy

…skin overlying the puncture site. Previous pelvic irradiation on the intended side (yields fibrotic, unrepresentative marrow — choose the other side). A patient who cannot lie…

Hypertensive crisis: drugs and doses

…organ damage. Isolated malignant retinopathy without other acute organ damage can often be treated more cautiously with oral drugs under careful observation [3,4]. A…

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