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Endocarditis: definitions, causes, diagnosis, echocardiography & treatment

…Endocarditis implies that a bacterial infection engages the heart valves and this is a serious condition. The focus of infection on the flap is called…

Risk factors for sudden cardiac arrest

…very difficult. Future efforts may be more successful by focusing on near term prediction using smart devices and emerging technologies ( Marijon et al ). The stochastic…

Central venous catheter

…incompatible infusions. Haemodialysis, plasmapheresis or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a large bore dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure…

Acute exacerbation of COPD: quick reference

…in particular that exceeds the patient's normal variation and requires a change of treatment. Common precipitants are viral infection, bacterial infection and air pollution…

Hypoglycaemia: quick reference for emergency management

…neurologically compromised patient. Continuous glucose monitoring reflects interstitial glucose and lags behind the blood glucose during rapid changes. Pressure on the sensor, for example during…

Dix–Hallpike test and Epley manoeuvre

…minute or so, that are provoked by a change of position — turning over in bed, lying down, standing up, tilting the head backwards. A symptom…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and Electrocardiographic Criteria

…a recent change in symptoms or signs, with or without electrocardiographic changes, and with or without acute elevations in cardiac troponin concentrations. Based on the…

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Definitions and Initial Triage

…presentations caused by suspected acute myocardial ischaemia. It includes patients with recent changes in symptoms or clinical signs, with or without diagnostic electrocardiographic abnormalities and…

Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy

…skin overlying the puncture site. Previous pelvic irradiation on the intended side (yields fibrotic, unrepresentative marrow — choose the other side). A patient who cannot lie…

Hypertensive crisis: drugs and doses

…organ damage. Isolated malignant retinopathy without other acute organ damage can often be treated more cautiously with oral drugs under careful observation [3,4]. A…

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