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Paracentesis

…the fluid, an insertion site in the left lower quadrant lateral to the rectus sheath, and a cell count plus albumin on the sample. Indications…

Urinary catheterisation

…Retract the foreskin and clean the glans and meatus with the cleansing solution in circular movements from the centre outwards. Change the swab between strokes…

Cardiac arrest due to pneumothorax

…Chang WT, et al. The effects of calcium and sodium bicarbonate on severe hyperkalaemia during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a retrospective cohort study of adult in hospital…

Hypoglycaemia: quick reference for emergency management

…confusion, a change in behaviour, collapse or an acute neurological deficit. Hypoglycaemia can cause hemiparesis, aphasia and radiological changes resembling ischaemic stroke. Glucose measurement is…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and Electrocardiographic Criteria

Myocardial ischemia and infarction ECG Definition and Pathophysiology Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) encompass a spectrum of clinical conditions characterized by a recent change in symptoms…

Fractional shortening for estimation of ejection fraction

…percentage change in left ventricular diameter during systole. It is measured in parasternal long axis view (PLAX) using M mode. The end systolic and end…

Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area (PISA)

…The flow will converge and accelerate just proximal to the orifice. The change in flow profile results in the formation of a hemisphere with several…

Acute exacerbation of COPD: quick reference

…and sputum in particular that exceeds the patient's normal variation and requires a change of treatment. Common precipitants are viral infection, bacterial infection and…

Dix–Hallpike test and Epley manoeuvre

…Preparation and equipment No special equipment is needed. What is useful in practice: An examination couch that can be approached from all sides and on…

🟠 Lipid lowering therapy after ACS

…not met with statins alone. PCSK9 Inhibitors: Added in cases where LDL C remains above the goal despite statin and ezetimibe therapy. Goal: Achieve LDL…

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