…Only the key principles are mentioned here. Modern ultrasound systems use harmonic imaging , which means that the machine emits ultrasound waves with a certain frequency…

…They supersede risk models that estimate cardiovascular mortality alone because non fatal events constitute an important component of the overall burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease…

…The genetic mechanisms underlying hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are complicated and some gene variants may only cause hypertrophy under certain loading conditions (i.e in the presence…

…C The most reliable in routine clinical practice Cockcroft–Gault Still used in certain dosing recommendations — it gives clearance, not GFR Iohexol clearance The reference…

…shock, or when sepsis is judged certain or highly likely. With possible sepsis without shock, a rapid targeted assessment is made. If the suspicion persists…

…differs between units. Poisoning with other weak acids where the poison control centre recommends it, for example certain phenoxy acid herbicides (2,4 D, MCPA)…

…advanced age, and the use of certain medications or alcohol. Interpretation of HAS BLED score A score of 0 1 indicates low risk A score…

…a possible alternative mechanism. Conversely, certain macroreentrant atrial tachycardias (MRATs) that traverse protected anatomical areas may display a focal atrial tachycardia pattern on the ECG…

…Moreover, certain other tachyarrhythmias predispose to developing atrial fibrillation: atrial flutter, AVNRT and AVRT (pre excitation, WPW syndrome) being the most common. Atrial fibrillation with…

…in certain causes of cardiac arrest (e.g. pulmonary embolism) or in case of long no flow or low flow periods. Under such circumstances, the…

…or the bundle branches. Tachycardia can cause AV blocks during or after the tachycardia episode. Under certain circumstances, bradycardia can actually reduce conduction through the…

…stimulation leads to vasoconstriction through the release of norepinephrine, while parasympathetic activation can cause vasodilation via acetylcholine release. These mechanisms collectively modulate coronary vascular resistance…

…the pulsed wave Doppler sends and analyses sound waves sequentially. The ultrasound machine is programmed to ignore all signals, except those reflected from a certain…

…or through statements made to the next of kin. Active malignancy with a risk of transmission (an individual assessment; certain tumour types are not a…

…adenosine or rate controlling drugs. New onset fibrillation of certain duration below the threshold at which anticoagulation is required. Contraindications Atrial fibrillation or flutter of…

…normal weight, and individual assessment. See the separate quick reference for dosing in impaired renal function. Respiratory tract Diagnosis Agent Dose Duration : : : : Pneumonia, non severe…

…the management of delirium in intensive care. Renal replacement therapy Absolute indications: refractory hyperkalaemia, refractory acidosis, refractory fluid overload, uraemic symptoms (pericarditis, encephalopathy) and certain…

…the timing varies considerably between regimens. Neutropenia can also be caused by haematological malignancy, stem cell transplantation, immunosuppressive drugs, radiotherapy, bone marrow failure and certain…

…key component of the MDRD equation, can be affected by factors such as muscle mass, diet, and certain medications, potentially impacting the accuracy of eGFR…

…Specific dosing adjustments are required in certain patient populations: Pediatric patients: For patients weighing less than 50 kg, the dosing should be 0.05 to…

…of the stressor, the presence of non cardiac comorbidities, and the extent of underlying coronary artery disease (CAD) and structural cardiac abnormalities. Mechanisms involving reduced…

…The ultrasonic machine has controls to adjust width and depth. It is also possible to adjust the frame rate to a certain extent. The ultrasound…

…the left ventricle can withstand large pressure increases but at a certain threshold, pressure rises rapidly with further volume increases. This is explained by the…

…of the circumference of the mitral annulus. The aorto mitral curtain separates the aortic valve and the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve. The anterior…