…Only the key principles are mentioned here. Modern ultrasound systems use harmonic imaging , which means that the machine emits ultrasound waves with a certain frequency…

…They supersede risk models that estimate cardiovascular mortality alone because non fatal events constitute an important component of the overall burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease…

…The genetic mechanisms underlying hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are complicated and some gene variants may only cause hypertrophy under certain loading conditions (i.e in the presence…

…C The most reliable in routine clinical practice Cockcroft–Gault Still used in certain dosing recommendations — it gives clearance, not GFR Iohexol clearance The reference…

…shock, or when sepsis is judged certain or highly likely. With possible sepsis without shock, a rapid targeted assessment is made. If the suspicion persists…

…differs between units. Poisoning with other weak acids where the poison control centre recommends it, for example certain phenoxy acid herbicides (2,4 D, MCPA)…

…advanced age, and the use of certain medications or alcohol. Interpretation of HAS BLED score A score of 0 1 indicates low risk A score…

…a possible alternative mechanism. Conversely, certain macroreentrant atrial tachycardias (MRATs) that traverse protected anatomical areas may display a focal atrial tachycardia pattern on the ECG…

…Moreover, certain other tachyarrhythmias predispose to developing atrial fibrillation: atrial flutter, AVNRT and AVRT (pre excitation, WPW syndrome) being the most common. Atrial fibrillation with…

…in certain causes of cardiac arrest (e.g. pulmonary embolism) or in case of long no flow or low flow periods. Under such circumstances, the…