…The genetic mechanisms underlying hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are complicated and some gene variants may only cause hypertrophy under certain loading conditions (i.e in the presence…

…through the AV node, resulting in increased AV block. Sinus node dysfunction can be caused by supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (e.g. atrial fibrillation). Typically, periods of…

…stress conditions, particularly in significant coronary artery stenosis. Stress can be induced pharmacologically with coronary vasodilatory agents or simulated hemodynamically through exercise or the use…

…for example certain phenoxy acid herbicides (2,4 D, MCPA) and methotrexate overdose. Tumour lysis syndrome appears as an indication in older protocols but is…

…do not already have a condition conferring sufficiently high cardiovascular risk. They should not be applied as the principal risk tool in people with: Documented…

…may coexist, and certain disease entities can span both categories; for example, acute heart failure may occur in the context of acute myocardial ischaemia, though…

…health care exposure and the risk of resistant organisms 0 to 60 min Empirical intravenous antibiotics in septic shock or in certain or highly likely…

…to chapter The Coronary Arteries. Mitral valve disease A wide range of conditions may cause mitral valve disease, which results in changes in the pressure…

…and certain targeted cancer treatments. Fever is not obligatory Hypothermia, new confusion, tachypnoea, hypotension, rigors, abdominal pain or a rapid deterioration in general condition may…

…C The most reliable in routine clinical practice Cockcroft–Gault Still used in certain dosing recommendations — it gives clearance, not GFR Iohexol clearance The reference…

…advanced age, and the use of certain medications or alcohol. Interpretation of HAS BLED score A score of 0 1 indicates low risk A score…

…Conversely, certain macroreentrant atrial tachycardias (MRATs) that traverse protected anatomical areas may display a focal atrial tachycardia pattern on the ECG, characterized by discrete P…

…mortality in general. This is not surprising given the adverse effects of long periods of tachycardia and desynchronized atrial and ventricular activity. Fortunately, the treatment…

…in certain causes of cardiac arrest (e.g. pulmonary embolism) or in case of long no flow or low flow periods. Under such circumstances, the…

…from a certain depth. The depth can be determined since the speed of ultrasound is constant in the body. The investigator specifies where the measurement…

…transmissible agents according to the current transmission risk assessment. In DCD: patients in whom death must be confirmed after a 20 minute no touch period…

…anticoagulation can cause a stroke hours to weeks later. Everything else in the procedure is routine. Synchronised cardioversion or unsynchronised defibrillation Synchronised cardioversion Unsynchronised defibrillation…

…bacteriuria. The exceptions are pregnancy and the period before a urological procedure. A positive urine dipstick in an older patient is difficult to interpret. Skin…

…the management of delirium in intensive care. Renal replacement therapy Absolute indications: refractory hyperkalaemia, refractory acidosis, refractory fluid overload, uraemic symptoms (pericarditis, encephalopathy) and certain…

…1.73 m². Advantages of MDRD eGFR Clinical utility: The MDRD equation has been instrumental in identifying and staging chronic kidney disease (CKD), facilitating early…

…Specific dosing adjustments are required in certain patient populations: Pediatric patients: For patients weighing less than 50 kg, the dosing should be 0.05 to…

…it may be difficult to acquire images in the left lateral decubitus position. This affects images obtained in apical windows (refer to Standard Transthoracic Echocardiogram…

…on several factors. The elapsed time for all ultrasound waves to be emitted, reflected and processed in the machine determines the frame rate. As mentioned…

…that the ventricle is capable of filling rapidly while operating at low end diastolic pressure. EDV (End Diastolic Volume) denotes the volume in the left…