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Urinary alkalinisation

Procedurer Alkalinising the urine increases the excretion of weak acids by keeping them in a charged form in the tubular fluid, where they cannot be…

Assessment of the pupillary reflex in cardiac arrest

…activate the Edinger–Westphal nuclei. Parasympathetic fibers (carried by CN III) then prompt sphincter muscles in the iris to constrict the pupil. Under normal conditions…

The chain of survival in sudden cardiac arrest

…same actions (1 through 3) can be carried out by anyone, including laymen without prior training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Prompt delivery of chest compressions…

Immediate Management of Type A and Type B Aortic Dissection

…days of symptom onset in the source material. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Aortic dissection is an uncommon cause of acute chest pain but carries a…

A New Approach to Acute Coronary Syndromes: Occlusion MI (OMI) vs. Non-Occlusion MI (NOMI)

ECG Introduction The traditional classification of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) into ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non STEMI (NSTEMI), and unstable angina (UA) has…

Exercise stress test on cycle ergometer

…of function and prognosis, arrhythmia evaluation, known coronary artery disease and evaluation of treatment effect, the medication is continued — abrupt withdrawal carries a risk of…

Status epilepticus: quick reference for emergency treatment

…2,3]. Respiratory complications occur, but untreated convulsive status itself carries a considerable risk of hypoxia and respiratory failure. In placebo controlled trials, respiratory depression…

Common laboratory tests

…men 1.0 mmol/L Triglycerides < 1.7 mmol/L 10 carries a risk of pancreatitis Cardiac markers and coagulation Test Reference Comment : : : High…

Gynaecological examination and cervical smear

Procedurer For many patients a gynaecological examination is associated with a sense of exposure, and technically correct performance is only half the task. The examination…

Left Main Coronary Artery Disease: Revascularisation Strategy

…circumflex coronary territories. Because these vessels perfuse a large proportion of the left ventricular myocardium, left main disease carries a substantial prognostic significance. The myocardial…

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