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Skin biopsy — punch, shave and excision

…A pot of 4 % formalin, and for immunofluorescence Michel's medium or saline according to local procedure. Photograph and draw in the site before the…

Leg ulcers — wound debridement and compression therapy

…arterial insufficiency can cause necrosis and, in the worst case, amputation. The decisive step is therefore not the choice of dressing but the ankle brachial…

Cryotherapy of skin lesions

…lesion of uncertain diagnosis. A lesion in which histology is needed for management. Cryoglobulinaemia, cold agglutinin disease, cold urticaria. Relative: Basal cell carcinoma and squamous…

Primary Aldosteronism: Screening and Management

…and induces expression of aldosterone responsive genes. Although the kidney is a major target—where MR activation promotes sodium transport—MRs are also present in…

Pulmonary stenosis

…disease : Carcinoid syndrome is a paraneoplastic syndrome that occurs due to carcinomas secreting kallikrein and serotonin. In the heart, this can lead to thickening of…

Pulmonary regurgitation

…of the pulmonary valve Idiopathic pulmonary artery dilation Pulmonary regurgitation results in right ventricular volume overload, which gradually causes right ventricular failure. The ventricle and…

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR/TI)

…live births (Atthenhofer et al) . Figure 1. Ebstein's anomaly. Ebstein's anomaly is characterized by the following malformations: The septal and posterior leaflets of…

Mitral valve stenosis

…gradually leads to atrial hypertrophy and dilation. Atrial dilation causes a significantly increased risk of atrial fibrillation. The increase in left atrial pressure may also…

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