…risk categories are distinct from the treatment threshold used in the BP guidelines. For adults with elevated BP, a calculated 10 year risk of ≥10…

…The risk categories are: 10 year ASCVD risk Category <5% Low 5% to <7.5% Borderline 7.5% to <20% Intermediate ≥20% High Management should…

…choice of dose. Paediatric doses are calculated on actual body weight unless otherwise stated. When the weight of a child aged 1–10 years is…

…risk of respiratory depression. Avoid the combination, or reduce both Red flags and pitfalls A respiratory rate < 8/min, or an increasing level of…

…CHADS VASc Score Risk of ischemic stroke Risk för stroke/TIA/systemisk tromboembolism 0 0.2% 0.3% 1 0.6% 0.9% 2 2…

…74 years (1 point) The total score ranges from 0 to 9, with higher scores indicating an increased risk of stroke (Table 1). Interpretation of…

…an amplitude range of 1.5 to 5 mV, and frequency 80 to 100 Hz. The ventricular lead records signals in the 10 to 30…

…Comment : : : Dipper 10–20 % Normal Non dipper < 10 % Independent risk marker Reverse dipper ≤ 0 %, night time pressure higher than daytime The highest risk in…

…L pH < 7.00 or bicarbonate < 10 mmol/L Stupor or coma may occur Mixed picture of DKA and HHS Overlap is common…

…shock index is calculated as the heart rate divided by the systolic blood pressure. A value of around 0.9 to 1.0 or higher…

…5–10 mL, 25 G for the skin wheal and 21 G for the deeper layers. Diagnostic tap: 21–22 G needle, 20 mL and…

…to calculate fractional shortening: FS (%) = (LVEDD LVESD / LVEDD) • 100 Figure 1. Calculation of fractional shortening. Fractional shortening is a rather poor measure of left…

…low cost, and reliable screening tool for body composition, risk of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and specific cancers. BMI and cardiovascular outcomes High BMI…

…also be calculated by quantifying the blood volume flowing over the mitral valve or the tricuspid valve. This is explained by the principle of continuity…

…apoB containing lipoproteins in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Atherosclerosis develops through the progressive deposition and retention of LDL C and other apoB containing lipoproteins within…

…sinus of Valsalva is associated with increased sudden death risk, particularly in individuals younger than 35 years during or after vigorous exercise. Anomalous origin of…

…QT syndrome (LQTS). A complete list of drugs causing QT prolongation can be found here. Corrected QT intervals (QTc) can be calculated below. Short (QT)…

…typically calculated for ventricular activation in the frontal plane using the hexaxial reference system. This system is constructed by superimposing the lead axes of the…

…axis is calculated (to the nearest degree) by the ECG machine. The axis can also be approximated manually by judging the net direction of the…

…axis is calculated (to the nearest degree) by the ECG machine. The axis can also be approximated manually by judging the net direction of the…

…is easily calculated by measuring VTI (Velocity Time Integral), using pulsed wave Doppler, in the aortic valve. The stroke volume is the product of VTI…

…Ejection fraction is simple to calculate; if the left ventricle contains 100 ml of blood at the end of diastole and 40 ml is pumped…

…hypertrophy (LVH) A diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy is based on total left ventricular mass, which can be calculated by obtaining the measurements shown in…

…The continuity equation can be used to calculate the valve area. The equation claims that the volume of blood flowing through the RVOT is equal…

…illustrates schematically how area and VTI are used to calculate stroke volume. Figure 3. Registration of VTI with pulsed wave doppler in the aortic opening…

…making this formula easier to handle. Velocity and direction of blood flow can be calculated by using the Doppler equation. Blood flow in the heart…

…Over the years, a large number of parameters have been introduced to assess left ventricular function. The majority of these parameters can be calculated or…

…can be calculated using PISA, as follows: Q PISA = area PISA • v aliasing v aliasing = aliasing speed According to the principle of continuity…

…Vascular resistance is calculated by the ratio of the pressure difference (ΔP) and the flow over the vascular bed (Q): R = ΔP…

…to diastolic function. High compliance is desirable and means that the ventricle is capable of filling rapidly while operating at low end diastolic pressure. EDV …

… var rr = 60 / hr; // Calculate QTc var bazett = Math.round(qt / Math.sqrt(rr)); var fridericia = Math.round(qt / Math.cbrt(rr…

…why mixed acid base disorders are missed. The blood gas describes the physiology at the moment of sampling, but does not by itself identify the…

…calculate this ratio, guiding clinical decisions about intervention or monitoring. Below, we outline the methodology and clinical applications of shunt fraction calculation. Echocardiographic Calculation of…

…key clinical and echocardiographic parameters to calculate an individual's risk of SCD over the next 5 years. The calculator is widely used in clinical…

…condition. Several formulas have been suggested to calculate corrected QT intervals. Some of these formulas follow: Bazett's formula for calculating corrected QT duration (QTc)…

…will alter the characteristics of ultrasound waves (e.g. frequency) . This is actually exploited to calculate the direction and speed of tissue and fluid movements…

… 18:7). Short QT interval A shortened QT interval is also associated with an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias. Corrected QT Interval (QTc interval) The…

…lower frequency. Doppler shift The Doppler effect is utilized to calculate velocity and direction of moving objects. To calculate the velocity of blood flow, the…

Echocardiography The echocardiographic examination The use of echocardiography has increased dramatically during the past few decades. Advances in echocardiography have been propelled by breakthroughs in…

…situational dependence of sinus bradycardia. If sinus bradycardia is likely due to drug side effects, it is necessary to weigh the risk of terminating the…

…Paper speed 25 mm/s. Calculate the heart rate by dividing 300 by the number of large boxes between R waves. There are approximately 3…

…Bernoulli principle can be used to calculate pressure gradients across valvular stenoses and regurgitations. The equation is agnostic to the direction of the blood flow…

…the point of measurement. Figure 2. Tissue Doppler where velocity is measured in four points. Tissue Tracking Tissue tracking is used to calculate the distance…

…hasbled] The HAS BLED score is a widely recognized and validated tool used to assess the one year risk of major bleeding in patients with…

…indicator of blood flow to vital organs than systolic blood pressure alone. Predictive Value : Elevated MAP has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular…

5 Year Risk of Life Threatening Ventricular Arrhythmias [calc_123lqts] Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) is an inherited cardiac channelopathy characterized by prolonged ventricular repolarization, which…

…introduced the 1 2 3 LQTS Risk model, a validated tool designed to estimate the 5 year risk of life threatening arrhythmic events in individuals…

ECG Video lecture: Assessment of the QT interval (QTc interval) Corrected QT interval (QTc) calculator Open the calculator →

…cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) fails to achieve a stable return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Stable ROSC is when spontaneous circulation is maintained for 20 consecutive minutes…

…of African descent, which may not accurately reflect the diversity within racial groups and can lead to misestimations. Clinical implications While the MDRD eGFR calculator…