…lesion of uncertain diagnosis. A lesion in which histology is needed for management. Cryoglobulinaemia, cold agglutinin disease, cold urticaria. Relative: Basal cell carcinoma and squamous…

…Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo is the commonest cause of vertigo in primary care and one of the few diagnoses that can be cured on the…

…Pneumothorax Pneumothorax is characterized by the presence of free air in the thoracic cavity. While this can occasionally be benign and manifest even in healthy…

…targeted examination. The patient's description of the quality of the dizziness — rotatory vertigo, unsteadiness or faintness — discriminates poorly between dangerous and benign causes. Ask…

…of symptoms etc. Chest pain is one of the most nuanced symptoms in clinical practice and it is fundamental to be able to differentiate benign…

…structures. Polypoid myxomas are large; they have a smooth surface and a nucleus that often exhibits cavities, which consist of hemorrhages in the tumor. Polypoid…

…great a risk of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac arrest. This is a rather large increase in relative risk , but the absolute risk is…

…holding the breath, it is likely that the arrhythmia is benign; otherwise further examination is warranted. Figure 1. Sinus arrhythmia (respiratory sinus arrhythmia). Treatment of…

…It meticulously details the classification, pathophysiological subtypes, and clinical presentation of VT, with a deep dive into the underlying etiologies ranging from benign idiopathic variants…

…the authors. They intend to present an ECG with early repolarization (which is associated with 5 times as great a risk of ventricular fibrillation and…

…observed. Inappropriate sinus tachycardia Treatment of inappropriate sinus tachycardia begins with assessment and management of reversible causes. Because the prognosis is described as benign, treatment…

…metabolic abnormalities; and abnormal pain perception in patients without demonstrable ischaemia. The absence of obstructive disease therefore does not establish a benign diagnosis. ANOCA/INOCA…

…tachycardias should be considered pathological and the task is to clarify the cause of the tachycardia. The cause may range from benign to highly malignant…

…type 2 and type 3 Brugada syndrome. Refer to Figure 2 for ECG example of type 1 Brugada syndrome (note the large J waves in…

…spreading from other parts of the ventricle (where the fascicle is intact). Figure 1. Left anterior fascicular block (anterior hemiblock) and left posterior fascicular block…

…Typically, periods of sinus node dysfunction occur after tachyarrhythmia; the combination of tachyarrhythmia and sinus node dysfunction is referred to as tachy brady syndrome . Neurocardiogenic…

…precede all QRS complexes and the PR interval is constant. Although sinus arrhythmia can be pronounced in pediatric patients, it is considered a benign finding…

…asymptomatic and benign. ECG criteria for junctional rhythm Regular ventricular rhythm with rate 40–60 beats per minute. Retrograde P wave before or after the…

…Thus, supply and demand are balanced and no ischemia occurs. (Some individuals display a benign form of ischemia located in the subendocardium during exercise; this…

…Adam Stokes attack . Causes of sinoatrial arrest/pause High vagal tone is benign and the most common cause of sinus arrest/pause. It commonly affects…

…severity and situational dependence of sinus bradycardia. If sinus bradycardia is likely due to drug side effects, it is necessary to weigh the risk of…

…any cause) Benign (physiological) causes of bradycardia (e.g. vasovagal reaction, well trained athletes) need not be treated. When in doubt whether the bradycardia is…

…<1 mm and it resolves rapidly once the exercise is stopped. Some experts believe that these ST segment depressions represent a benign form of subendocardial…

…succeeded by gradual inversion of the T waves. These T waves are called post ischemic T waves and they indicate that the infarction process is…

…treatment. It does not progress to ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation and it does not affect cardiac output to the point of hemodynamic compromise. Figure…