…pivotal in diagnosing and managing congenital or acquired cardiac shunts, such as atrial septal defects (ASD), ventricular septal defects (VSD), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)…

…the fact that the Purkinje fibers run through the endocardium. It is likely that conduction defects would have been more common in myocardial ischemia otherwise.

Conduction defects ECG Right bundle branch block (RBBB) Right bundle branch block (RBBB) is due to an anatomical or functional dysfunction in the right bundle…

…of the great arteries, pulmonary valve stenosis, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect), tricuspid valve regurgitation are the most common causes. ECG changes in right…

…Ebstein's anomaly is characterized by the following malformations: The septal and posterior leaflets of the tricuspid valve adhere to the ventricular myocardium (failure of…

…gradients using Doppler measurements Continuous wave Doppler and pulsed wave Doppler can measure the velocity of erythrocytes as they travel through the heart and vessels…

…of the following: A systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg caused by the arrhythmia. Ongoing myocardial ischaemia with chest pain and ECG changes. Acute pulmonary…

…transient, self terminating AF during ST elevation myocardial infarction may indicate an increased long term risk of stroke. In patients with acute decompensated heart failure…

…population. AF can act as a trigger for atrial flutter, and the development of AF is common following the successful ablation of typical flutter. Furthermore…

…however, reach 0.12 s (such significant prolongation is due to intraventricular conduction defects). Hypertrophy may also shift the electrical axis (to the right in…