…pivotal in diagnosing and managing congenital or acquired cardiac shunts, such as atrial septal defects (ASD), ventricular septal defects (VSD), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)…

…of the great arteries, pulmonary valve stenosis, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect), tricuspid valve regurgitation are the most common causes. ECG changes in right…

…anterior , lateral and septal wall ( Figure 2 below). An inferior myocardial infarction refers to an infarction located in the inferior wall of the left ventricle…

Conduction defects ECG Right bundle branch block (RBBB) Right bundle branch block (RBBB) is due to an anatomical or functional dysfunction in the right bundle…

…the right atrium. It normally consists of three leaflets (anterior, posterior and septal leaflet). The leaflets are attached to the subvalvular apparatus, consisting of the…

…through the heart and vessels. The velocity of erythrocytes ( i.e blood) can be used to estimate pressure gradients (pressure differences) between the atria, ventricles…

…Agent Standard dose in atrial fibrillation Criteria for dose reduction according to FASS : : : Apixaban 5 mg × 2 2.5 mg × 2 if at least two…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Critical care Definition and pathophysiology Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent supraventricular arrhythmia in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and…

…and travels in a counterclockwise direction. The activation wavefront propagates in a craniocaudal direction down the right atrial free wall, traverses the cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI…

…atrial enlargement predisposes to atrial fibrillation/flutter and ventricular enlargement predisposes to ventricular tachycardia. The ECG is a useful tool for detecting hypertrophy/dilatation but…