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Ankle-brachial index (ABI)

…for each leg, the highest of the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pressures is divided by the highest arm pressure of the two arms. Each…

Performing Echocardiographic Examinations

…to obtain images from apical windows. The patient's left arm should be placed under the patient's head. This stretches in the chest wall…

Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: Diagnostic Pathways

…ECG abnormalities, and biomarker elevation; echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging may demonstrate inflammatory involvement. Gastrointestinal and musculoskeletal disorders may mimic myocardial ischaemia, including severe…

Blood pressure

…Five minutes' seated rest, back and arm supported, legs uncrossed, no conversation Cuff width ≥ 40% of the upper arm circumference — a cuff that is too…

Chronic Coronary Syndrome: Diagnosis and Initial Evaluation

…or another form of physiological stress, but it may also occur at rest or remain clinically silent. The underlying coronary disease may be obstructive or…

Approach to patients with chest pain: differential diagnoses, management & ECG

…position or respiration. Triggering factors Symptoms triggered by exercise/effort (what level of exercise)? Symptoms at rest? Symptoms more easily provoked after a meal? Symptoms…

Clinical application of ECG in chest pain & acute myocardial infarction

…may be caused by myocardial ischemia. Other symptoms include dyspnea, pain radiating to the left arm/shoulder/throat, palpitations, back pain and selected cases of…

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and Holter ECG

…every 30 minutes respectively. Instruct the patient to stop, keep the arm still and lowered at each measurement, and not to talk. Otherwise ordinary activities…

Anthropometric measurements

…irrespective of sex Mid upper arm circumference Midpoint of the upper arm < 23 cm suggests undernutrition in adults Calf circumference Largest circumference < 31…

Arterial line

…s phenomenon, thromboangiitis obliterans. An arm with an AV fistula or with planned vascular access for dialysis. Previous vascular surgery in the area. Coagulopathy and…

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