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The electrical axis of the heart (heart axis): ECG & physiology

…and left axis deviation (LAD) Causes of right axis deviation Normal in newborns. Right ventricular hypertrophy. Acute cor pulmonale (pulmonary embolism). Chronic cor pulmonale (COPD…

Ankle-brachial index (ABI)

…the fibular artery can also be sought anterior to the lateral malleolus. Calculation: for each leg, the highest of the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial…

The electrical axis of the heart (ECG axis)

…and left axis deviation (LAD) Causes of right axis deviation Normal in newborns. Right ventricular hypertrophy. Acute cor pulmonale (pulmonary embolism). Chronic cor pulmonale (COPD…

Pericardiocentesis

…cold periphery Almost always Pulsus paradoxus above 10 mmHg A fall in systolic blood pressure during inspiration; one of the most useful signs Low voltage…

Epistaxis — compression, cautery and anterior nasal packing

…Step 3 — anterior packing A compressed nasal tampon: 1. Coat the tampon with antibiotic ointment and trim it to the length of the nasal cavity…

Fascicular block (hemiblock): Left anterior & left posterior fascicular block

…is subdivided into the following two fascicles: (1) the anterior (anterosuperior) fascicle , which delivers the electrical impulse to the anterior wall of the left ventricle…

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR/TI)

…It normally consists of three leaflets (anterior, posterior and septal leaflet). The leaflets are attached to the subvalvular apparatus, consisting of the chordae tendineae and…

Left Main Coronary Artery Disease: Revascularisation Strategy

…a lesion proximal to the first septal perforator of the left anterior descending artery was associated with lower five year survival than a more distal…

Left Ventricular Thrombus After Myocardial Infarction

…embolic manifestations. The source material does not provide a detailed catalogue of specific embolic syndromes. Clinical suspicion should be heightened after: Anterior STEMI. A large…

ECG manifestations of left main coronary artery (LMCA) occlusion and critical stenosis

…is a rare but catastrophic manifestation of acute coronary syndromes. The LMCA supplies a large myocardial territory through the left anterior descending (LAD) and left…

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