…A ruptured aortic aneurysm or another major vascular bleed. Perioperative bleeding that rapidly fills the suction, the swabs or the operative field and requires repeated…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and Pathophysiology An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is diagnosed when the abdominal aortic diameter exceeds 3 cm. Most AAAs are located…

…in thoracic or abdominal aortic aneurysmal disease remains an emerging area of research. Pharmacological Classes and Mechanisms Monoclonal Antibodies Evolocumab and alirocumab are fully human…

Echocardiography Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Left ventricular (LV) thrombus is an intracavitary clot attached to the LV endocardium, typically overlying an akinetic…

…decompensated heart failure, or aortic aneurysm. Baseline ECG abnormalities rendering ST T interpretation difficult, including left bundle branch block (LBBB) or pacemaker rhythms. Atrial fibrillation…

…and stable An individual assessment Eye, ear, abdominal or thoracic surgery 1 month Neurosurgery or an intracranial aneurysm Contact the responsible specialist An aortic aneurysm…

[calc_aorta] Sinus of Valsalva (SOV) and Aortic Root Assessment The sinus of Valsalva diameter (SOVd) is a critical measurement in evaluating aortic root morphology…

…or saccular aneurysm. Symptomatic isolated lesions may represent early periulcer haemorrhage or developing IMH and carry greater risk of progression or rupture than asymptomatic lesions…

Clinical medicine Emergency medicine Definition and pathophysiology Acute limb ischaemia (ALI) is an abrupt reduction in arterial perfusion of an upper or lower limb that…

…associated genetic variants and coronary artery disease. Associations have also been extended to peripheral arterial disease, ischaemic stroke, abdominal aortic aneurysm, and calcific aortic valve…

…and, subsequently, narrowing of the valvular orifice. Carcinoid heart disease may also lead to endocardial fibrosis. Rheumatic heart disease Sinus of Valsalva aneurysm : The aneurysm…

…and trauma . Chronic aortic regurgitation If aortic regurgitation develops gradually, then the ventricle will adapt to the volume overload. Unfortunately, adaptation implies that the left…

…aneurysm, aortic dissection, and endocarditis. Figure 2 shows the normal tricuspid aortic valve. Figure 2. Normal (tricuspid) aortic valve with three cusps (RCC, NCC and…

…atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. Ischemic heart disease Both acute and chronic ischemic heart disease (including complications) can cause embolisms. Left ventricular aneurysm with thrombus…

…cardiac tamponade, aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection are common differential diagnoses which represent contraindications for thrombolysis. Venous thromboembolism is a chronic and serious condition. Mortality…