…A ruptured aortic aneurysm or another major vascular bleed. Perioperative bleeding that rapidly fills the suction, the swabs or the operative field and requires repeated…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and Pathophysiology An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is diagnosed when the abdominal aortic diameter exceeds 3 cm. Most AAAs are located…

…in thoracic or abdominal aortic aneurysmal disease remains an emerging area of research. Pharmacological Classes and Mechanisms Monoclonal Antibodies Evolocumab and alirocumab are fully human…

Echocardiography Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Left ventricular (LV) thrombus is an intracavitary clot attached to the LV endocardium, typically overlying an akinetic…

…decompensated heart failure, or aortic aneurysm. Baseline ECG abnormalities rendering ST T interpretation difficult, including left bundle branch block (LBBB) or pacemaker rhythms. Atrial fibrillation…

…and stable An individual assessment Eye, ear, abdominal or thoracic surgery 1 month Neurosurgery or an intracranial aneurysm Contact the responsible specialist An aortic aneurysm…

[calc_aorta] Sinus of Valsalva (SOV) and Aortic Root Assessment The sinus of Valsalva diameter (SOVd) is a critical measurement in evaluating aortic root morphology…

…or saccular aneurysm. Symptomatic isolated lesions may represent early periulcer haemorrhage or developing IMH and carry greater risk of progression or rupture than asymptomatic lesions…

Clinical medicine Emergency medicine Definition and pathophysiology Acute limb ischaemia (ALI) is an abrupt reduction in arterial perfusion of an upper or lower limb that…

…associated genetic variants and coronary artery disease. Associations have also been extended to peripheral arterial disease, ischaemic stroke, abdominal aortic aneurysm, and calcific aortic valve…