…hour. Increase by 2.5 mg/hour every 20 min to desired blood pressure. Maximum infusion rate 25 mg/hour. Adverse effects Tachycardia. Flushing. Headache…

…shoulder dislocation, with an effect equivalent to sedation and fewer adverse effects Digital nerve block The standard in finger dislocation Procedural sedation Propofol, ketamine or…

…70–79 Avoid a systolic pressure < 120 mmHg and a diastolic pressure < 70 mmHg on treatment — the benefit plateaus and adverse effects increase…

…myocardial infarction may coexist with adverse effects on stroke, heart failure, cardiovascular mortality and atrial fibrillation. Consequently, alcohol should not be initiated as a cardiovascular…

…the onset, the duration of effect, the dosing, the adverse effects and the important precautions. A hypertensive emergency is defined by a markedly raised blood…

…their use is limited by specific adverse effects. Most of these adverse events are related to the suppression of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS…

…and valvular function. Levosimendan drug is generally well tolerated. Severe adverse effects are less common. Levosimendan may be administered simultaneously with milrinone. The drugs can…

…fatal outcome. At the same time, serious adverse effects are uncommon when the correct dose is given intramuscularly [2,3]. When should anaphylaxis be suspected?…

…administered in lipid emulsion (containing soy, egg), of which the maximum dose per 24 hours is 1000 mL. Adverse effects Headache. Nausea. Fever. Atrial fibrillation…

…function Adverse effects Excessive sedation. Confusion. Hallucinations. Hypotension. Bradycardia. AV block. Constipation Contra indications Bradycardia. Caution • Clonidine may induce severe hypotension. • Clonidine is not recommended…

…dose of 300 mg. Infusion regime : • 0.5–2 mg/minute IV infusion. Higher doses are sometimes required. Adverse effects Vomiting. Dizziness. Nausea. Atrioventricular blocks …

…apnoea). Suspected hypotension: dizziness, syncope, autonomic dysfunction, adverse drug effects. Wide variability between measurements. Hypertension in pregnancy. Contraindications There are no absolute contraindications. Refrain or…

…s) Active Ingredient(s) Cardiotoxicity Label Section DICT Concern Cardiac side effects Severity of cardiotoxicity Hyaluronic Acid HYALURONIC ACID HYALURONIC ACID NA no no ZYPREXA…

…The desired time to action, contraindications and risk of adverse effects should guide the choice of agent. Calcium channel blockers (CCB) Clevidipine Drug Clevidipine Brand…

…immune activity. Statin intolerance refers to adverse effects attributed to statin treatment that improve or resolve after reducing the dose or stopping therapy. It is…

…or verapamil, although this is not an established drug interaction. The half life of adenosine is 8 seconds. Adverse effects are therefore very brief. Indications…

…However, digoxin is still used in patients who do not achieve satisfactory effects using first line therapies. Digoxin is also used frequently in the emergency…

…The desired time to action, contraindications and risk of adverse effects should guide the choice of agent. Calcium channel blockers (CCB) Clevidipine Drug Clevidipine Brand…

…possible infectious or other non cardiovascular adverse outcomes. Mechanisms of action Colchicine Colchicine appears to exert several anti inflammatory effects relevant to coronary disease: Reduction…

…mor than 10 minutes. Administer sodium thiosulfate (cyanide into thiocyanate) and terminate infusion of nitroprusside if cyanide toxicity is suspected. Adverse effects • Nausea. Vomiting. Agitation…

…to prevent one adverse cardiovascular outcome, the potential benefit for an individual patient may remain substantial. At the same time, adverse effects such as hypotension…

…the dose of a single drug. They may also permit lower doses of each component, potentially limiting adverse effects and facilitating adherence. Treatment response, however…

…A1, A2B, and A3 receptors, which are associated with adverse effects such as bronchoconstriction and atrioventricular block. Adenosine is an agonist on A1, A2A, A2B…

…appropriate patients, selection of glucose lowering therapies with demonstrated cardiovascular effects. Diabetes may also contribute to arrhythmogenesis through diabetic neuropathy and adverse metabolic effects, independently…

…agents to become essential tools for cardiovascular risk reduction, offering profound benefits in major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF…

…underlying coronary atherosclerotic process. Their clinical effects therefore occur within the broader framework of guideline directed medical therapy and secondary prevention. PCI treats focal stenotic…

…In cardiovascular medicine, the objective is not merely to reduce cigarette consumption but to achieve complete abstinence from tobacco and ultimately from nicotine. Smoking is…

…test dose without troublesome adverse effects, give a further 8 mg intravenously , slowly. Rapid injection increases the risk of nicotinic effects with paradoxically increasing weakness…

…serious arrhythmia indications, and potential adverse effects, consideration should be given to initiating therapy with the patient hospitalized and monitored for at least several days…

…Functional limitation and effect on activities of daily living. Workload or exertion required to provoke symptoms. Response to current antianginal therapy. Adverse effects that restrict…

…may even be compressed during diastole. This causes adverse hemodynamic effects, and the condition is classified as cardiac tamponade. The classical signs of cardiac tamponade…

…vascular tone. Accordingly, the source material describes no haemodynamic or contractility effects attributable to ivabradine. Because its action is exerted in the sinus node, it…

…However, the cardiovascular effects of SGLT2 inhibitors are not explained simply by their effects on haemoglobin A1c. Clinical benefits have been demonstrated in several overlapping…

…of cardiovascular mortality in general. This is not surprising given the adverse effects of long periods of tachycardia and desynchronized atrial and ventricular activity. Fortunately…

…agents with less adverse lipid effects, may improve triglyceride concentrations, provided viral suppression is maintained. A change in antiretroviral therapy is not recommended in individuals…

…lipid effects include: Approximately 25% reduction in triglycerides. A possible increase in HDL cholesterol. Approximately 25–30% reduction in lipoprotein(a), an effect not shared…

…aggregation. Its antiplatelet effect begins within approximately 30–60 minutes and persists for up to 7 days after discontinuation because platelet inhibition is irreversible. Aspirin…

…by very long chain acyl CoA synthetase 1. This activating enzyme is not expressed in skeletal muscle, a pharmacological feature that may limit muscle related…

…Drug Indications Dosing α1 β1 β2 D1/D2 Effect Adverse effects : : : : : : : : : : : : : Dopamine — low dose Rarely used 0.5–3.0 μg/kg/min + + + +++++ Low…

…treatment of bradycardia (bradyarrhythmia) Acute bradycardia with hemodynamic instability Acute bradycardia with hemodynamic effects is a potentially life threatening condition and should be managed urgently…

…iv. Increase as necessary. Maximum dose: 5 mg iv every six hours. Adverse effects Severe hypotension. Contraindications • Contraindicated in pregnancy, severe renal artery stenosis, severe…

…Maximum infusion dose: 300 μg/kg/min. Bolus doses of 300 μg/kg can be repeated during infusion. Adverse effects Flushing. Nausea. Bronchospasm…

…1 μg/kg/minute iv. Titrated at 15 minutes intervals. Maximum infusion dose: 1.6 μg/kg/minute Adverse effects Headache. Flushing. Tachycardia…

…Delivery IV Dose 1.25 to 5 mg IV followed by 2.5–15 mg IV every 3 to 6 hours. Adverse effects Vomiting. Dizziness…

…minutes as necessary. Continuous infusion: Start infusion at 0.1 mg/min and increase in increments of 0.1 mg. Adverse effects Tachycardia. Flushing. Headache…

…Dose 5–15 mg/hour IV infusion. Higher doses (up to 30 mg/hour) may be required in some patients. Adverse effects Tachycardia. Headache. Flushing…

…onset of action: 2 to 5 minutes Duration of action: 5 to 10 minutes. Adverse effects Headache (cerebral vasodilation). Tachycardia (due to reflex sympathetic activation)…

…atherosclerotic plaque. These effects help explain why reductions in cardiovascular events are substantially greater than the usually modest anatomical regression of coronary atherosclerosis. The magnitude…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Definition and pathophysiology Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is classified according to haemodynamic status, clinical severity, evidence of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, and…

…In contrast, dilated, light unresponsive pupils are indicative of cerebral anoxia or brain death and constitute an adverse prognostic sign. Notably, the presence of dilated…

…risk. Left Atrial Diameter (LA) : Enlargement of the left atrium is a marker of elevated left ventricular filling pressures and is linked to adverse outcomes…

…23–32) require careful consideration by a heart team. Predict Outcomes : The score has been validated to predict major adverse cardiac events (MACE) , including mortality…

…profile. Predicting Outcomes : It predicts 10 year mortality and 5 year major adverse cardiac events (MACE) with greater accuracy than the original SYNTAX Score. Heart…

…with siblings appearing to be especially affected. The principal determinant of adverse outcome is aneurysm size. Larger aneurysms and more rapid expansion are associated with…

…Dyslipidaemia, cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and other adverse influences disturb these functions. The resulting endothelial dysfunction promotes inappropriate vasoconstriction, adhesion of circulating cells, inflammatory…

…recurrent symptoms, myocardial infarction, or other major adverse cardiovascular events. Complete revascularization is therefore considered an important therapeutic objective, particularly in patients with left ventricular…

…myocardial fibrosis Reversible ischemic dysfunction Chronic hypoperfusion with hibernating myocardium Post ischemic stunning Adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling Ischemic cardiomyopathy is the leading cause of…

…quantify stress induced myocardial ischaemia. Detect and characterize myocardial scar. Estimate the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events. Assess left ventricular volumes, regional wall motion…

…20 (maximal exertion). Notably, a high perceived exertion at a low workload is a strong predictor of adverse outcomes. Table 1. Borg Rating of Perceived…

…of muscle mass, particularly in older adults Patients require individualized progression because new symptoms during exercise may signal an adverse clinical response. Recreational activity should…