…anaesthesia Lidocaine into the glenohumeral joint in shoulder dislocation, with an effect equivalent to sedation and fewer adverse effects Digital nerve block The standard in…

…its effect. Drug Enalaprilat Brand names Vasotec IV ® Indications Hypertension and hypertensive emergency. Acute left ventricular failure. Mechanism of action Enalaprilat is the active…

…egg), of which the maximum dose per 24 hours is 1000 mL. Adverse effects Headache. Nausea. Fever. Atrial fibrillation. Worsening of heart failure. Caution • Used…

…min. Maximum infusion dose: 300 μg/kg/min. Bolus doses of 300 μg/kg can be repeated during infusion. Adverse effects Flushing. Nausea…

…can be counteracted with simultaneous administration of beta blockers). Effects Induces arteriolar vasodilation without effects on venous circulation. The reduction in systemic vascular resistance (SVR)…

…is not an established drug interaction. The half life of adenosine is 8 seconds. Adverse effects are therefore very brief. Indications Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT…

…troublesome adverse effects, give a further 8 mg intravenously , slowly. Rapid injection increases the risk of nicotinic effects with paradoxically increasing weakness. 6. Assess the…

…generally well tolerated. Severe adverse effects are less common. Levosimendan may be administered simultaneously with milrinone. The drugs can also be given sequentially. Hypotension can…

…hypertensive emergency. It summarises the mechanism of action, the onset, the duration of effect, the dosing, the adverse effects and the important precautions. A hypertensive…

…Delivery IV Dose 1.25 to 5 mg IV followed by 2.5–15 mg IV every 3 to 6 hours. Adverse effects Vomiting. Dizziness…

…μg/min. Time to onset of action: 2 to 5 minutes Duration of action: 5 to 10 minutes. Adverse effects Headache (cerebral vasodilation). Tachycardia …

…of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and stent thrombosis. Premature DAPT interruption is described as the strongest predictor of stent thrombosis in this setting. The…

…Treatment of inappropriate sinus tachycardia begins with assessment and management of reversible causes. Because the prognosis is described as benign, treatment is directed primarily at…

…Withdraw slowly. • Simultaneous use of tricyclic antidepressants reduces the effect of clonidine. • Clonidine increases the CNS depressive effects of alcohol and sedatives. Clonidine doses and…

…minutes to a total dose of 300 mg. Infusion regime : • 0.5–2 mg/minute IV infusion. Higher doses are sometimes required. Adverse effects Vomiting…

…used to treat hypertensive emergencies. The desired time to action, contraindications and risk of adverse effects should guide the choice of agent. Calcium channel blockers …

…to HTG. Reducing alcohol and carbohydrate intake, and considering a switch to antiretroviral agents with less adverse lipid effects, may improve triglyceride concentrations, provided viral…

…used to treat hypertensive emergencies. The desired time to action, contraindications and risk of adverse effects should guide the choice of agent. Calcium channel blockers …

…Functional limitation and effect on activities of daily living. Workload or exertion required to provoke symptoms. Response to current antianginal therapy. Adverse effects that restrict…

…for mor than 10 minutes. Administer sodium thiosulfate (cyanide into thiocyanate) and terminate infusion of nitroprusside if cyanide toxicity is suspected. Adverse effects • Nausea. Vomiting…

…immune activity. Statin intolerance refers to adverse effects attributed to statin treatment that improve or resolve after reducing the dose or stopping therapy. It is…

…myocardial effects, whereas sustained heavy consumption is associated with hypertension, coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, heart failure and alcohol related cardiomyopathy. The cardiovascular implications of lower…

…an effect not shared to the same extent by statins. Inclisiran Inclisiran is a liver targeted small interfering RNA. It promotes degradation of the messenger…

…arrhythmogenesis through diabetic neuropathy and adverse metabolic effects, independently of coexisting CAD, previous myocardial infarction or HF. Nevertheless, the risk of arrhythmia and sudden cardiac…

…that the depressions may occur in most ECG leads). Refer to Figure 1 . Figure 1. ST segment depression due to digoxin treatment. Adverse effects of…

…coronary vasodilation. This selectivity minimizes activation of A1, A2B, and A3 receptors, which are associated with adverse effects such as bronchoconstriction and atrioventricular block. Adenosine…

…Reflex tachycardia is the rule after a rapid fall in blood pressure. Drug Indications Dosing α1 β1 β2 D1/D2 Effect Adverse effects : : : : : : : : : : : : : Dopamine — low…

…are at increased risk of cardiovascular mortality in general. This is not surprising given the adverse effects of long periods of tachycardia and desynchronized atrial…

…Because of the drug's unusual pharmacokinetics, serious arrhythmia indications, and potential adverse effects, consideration should be given to initiating therapy with the patient hospitalized…

…reductions in four component major adverse cardiovascular events. The reported hazard ratio was 0.83, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.72–0.95…

…rather than ECG, are the strongest predictors of adverse outcomes. Non acute or asymptomatic bradycardia Non acute bradycardia is a common finding in both healthy…

…s) Active Ingredient(s) Cardiotoxicity Label Section DICT Concern Cardiac side effects Severity of cardiotoxicity Hyaluronic Acid HYALURONIC ACID HYALURONIC ACID NA no no ZYPREXA…

…70–79 Avoid a systolic pressure < 120 mmHg and a diastolic pressure < 70 mmHg on treatment — the benefit plateaus and adverse effects increase…

…Mechanism of action • Systemic Dopamine 1 (D1) receptor agonist. • Lowers blood pressure while maintaining or increasing kidney perfusion. Effects Dopamine 1 receptor agonists lower systemic…

…crisis. Mechanism of action Phentolamine is a non selective alpha adrenergic blocker. Phentolamine reduces blood pressure while increasing catecholamine activity. Effects Primarily causes afterload reduction…

…their use is limited by specific adverse effects. Most of these adverse events are related to the suppression of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS)…

…the ventricles may even be compressed during diastole. This causes adverse hemodynamic effects, and the condition is classified as cardiac tamponade. The classical signs of…

…These effects help explain why reductions in cardiovascular events are substantially greater than the usually modest anatomical regression of coronary atherosclerosis. The magnitude of LDL…

…administration of adrenaline is associated with more severe and more protracted reactions, biphasic courses and fatal outcome. At the same time, serious adverse effects are…

…of smooth muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside, nicardipine induces relatively greater venodilation than arteriolar dilation. Effects Nicardipine causes dilation of the coronary and systemic…

…is largely independent of baseline HbA1c or the magnitude of HbA1c reduction. 7 Instead, these agents exert multifaceted effects through direct activation of receptors in…

…and adverse environmental exposures are associated with continued or resumed smoking after the acute event and warrant particular attention. Cardiovascular benefits of cessation The principal…

…cells. These cellular mechanisms remain proposed explanations for observed clinical effects. Cardiovascular and renal disease associations Diabetes substantially increases the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease…

…apnoea). Suspected hypotension: dizziness, syncope, autonomic dysfunction, adverse drug effects. Wide variability between measurements. Hypertension in pregnancy. Contraindications There are no absolute contraindications. Refrain or…

…colchicine requires attention to the balance between reduction in ischaemic events and possible infectious or other non cardiovascular adverse outcomes. Mechanisms of action Colchicine Colchicine…

…than simply increasing the dose of a single drug. They may also permit lower doses of each component, potentially limiting adverse effects and facilitating adherence…

…however, reverses the underlying coronary atherosclerotic process. Their clinical effects therefore occur within the broader framework of guideline directed medical therapy and secondary prevention. PCI…

…to prevent one adverse cardiovascular outcome, the potential benefit for an individual patient may remain substantial. At the same time, adverse effects such as hypotension…

…The clinical consequences are particularly important when pulmonary vascular obstruction is accompanied by limited cardiopulmonary reserve or other adverse comorbidity. The classification of acute PE…

…was associated with a threefold increased risk of an adverse neurological outcome. In summary, while the absence of a pupillary reflex upon hospital admission post…

…risk. Left Atrial Diameter (LA) : Enlargement of the left atrium is a marker of elevated left ventricular filling pressures and is linked to adverse outcomes…

…Artery Disease The SYNTAX Score is a semi quantitative scoring system designed to assess the complexity of coronary artery disease (CAD) and guide the choice…

…profile. Predicting Outcomes : It predicts 10 year mortality and 5 year major adverse cardiac events (MACE) with greater accuracy than the original SYNTAX Score. Heart…

…especially affected. The principal determinant of adverse outcome is aneurysm size. Larger aneurysms and more rapid expansion are associated with increasing likelihood of symptoms, complications…

…Although epicardial coronary arteries are a major site of disease, atherosclerosis is systemic and may affect multiple arterial territories. The arterial wall is biologically active…

…of life, but randomized trials have not demonstrated reductions in mortality or myocardial infarction rates. Clinical presentation and symptoms The clinical presentation is determined primarily…

…hypoperfusion with hibernating myocardium Post ischemic stunning Adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling Ischemic cardiomyopathy is the leading cause of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction…

…quantify stress induced myocardial ischaemia. Detect and characterize myocardial scar. Estimate the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events. Assess left ventricular volumes, regional wall motion…

…Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale There is a strong correlation between a person's perceived exertion rating times 10 and the actual heart rate…

…during exercise may signal an adverse clinical response. Recreational activity should therefore be increased at an appropriate intensity, with attention to the emergence of symptoms…