…with an effect equivalent to sedation and fewer adverse effects Digital nerve block The standard in finger dislocation Procedural sedation Propofol, ketamine or a combination…

…iv. Increase as necessary. Maximum dose: 5 mg iv every six hours. Adverse effects Severe hypotension. Contraindications • Contraindicated in pregnancy, severe renal artery stenosis, severe…

…hours is 1000 mL. Adverse effects Headache. Nausea. Fever. Atrial fibrillation. Worsening of heart failure. Caution • Used cautiously in patients with acute heart failure. • Clevidipine…

…perioperative tachycardia) and hypertension (including hypertensive emergency, perioperative hypertension). Mechanism of action • Relatively cardioselective (beta 1 receptor blocker) beta blocker with ultra short acting effect…

…No effect on venous circulation. • May cause reflex sympathetic stimulation (can be counteracted with simultaneous administration of beta blockers). Effects Induces arteriolar vasodilation without effects…

…is not an established drug interaction. The half life of adenosine is 8 seconds. Adverse effects are therefore very brief. Indications Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT…

…test dose without troublesome adverse effects, give a further 8 mg intravenously , slowly. Rapid injection increases the risk of nicotinic effects with paradoxically increasing weakness…

…A recent echocardiographic examination should be available or performed urgently to evaluate ventricular and valvular function. Levosimendan drug is generally well tolerated. Severe adverse effects…

…of effect, the dosing, the adverse effects and the important precautions. A hypertensive emergency is defined by a markedly raised blood pressure in combination with…

…hours. Adverse effects Vomiting. Dizziness. Nausea. Atrioventricular blocks (AV blocks). Orthostatic hypotension. Paresthesias (scalp tingling). Bronchospasm. Caution • Avoided in hypertensive emergencies with acute heart failure…

…Duration of action: 5 to 10 minutes. Adverse effects Headache (cerebral vasodilation). Tachycardia (due to reflex sympathetic activation). Nausea. Vomiting. Flushing. Palpitations. Tolerance with prolonged…

…associated with a high risk of platelet driven atherothrombosis, while interruption of antiplatelet therapy after recent stenting is associated with increased risk of major adverse…

…a retrospective subgroup analysis in which a survival benefit was observed. Inappropriate sinus tachycardia Treatment of inappropriate sinus tachycardia begins with assessment and management of…

…lowering effect. Pain relief. Delivery IV, IM, PO, transdermal Dose Injection IV: • 150 μg in 1 ml vial. Dilute with 10 ml of normal…

…minutes to a total dose of 300 mg. Infusion regime : • 0.5–2 mg/minute IV infusion. Higher doses are sometimes required. Adverse effects Vomiting…

…hours is 1000 mL. Adverse effects Headache. Nausea. Fever. Atrial fibrillation. Worsening of heart failure. Caution • Used cautiously in patients with acute heart failure. • Clevidipine…

…Tacrolimus appears to have less adverse effect on lipids. Sirolimus may cause particularly prominent triglyceride elevation, including dose related increases. In people living with HIV…

…hours is 1000 mL. Adverse effects Headache. Nausea. Fever. Atrial fibrillation. Worsening of heart failure. Caution • Used cautiously in patients with acute heart failure. • Clevidipine…

…intervention (PCI), including attempted recanalization of a chronic total coronary occlusion. Angina or ischaemia with non obstructive coronary arteries (ANOCA/INOCA), after appropriate investigation has…

…for mor than 10 minutes. Administer sodium thiosulfate (cyanide into thiocyanate) and terminate infusion of nitroprusside if cyanide toxicity is suspected. Adverse effects • Nausea. Vomiting…

…including modulation of inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial function, plaque stability, thrombogenic responses and immune activity. Statin intolerance refers to adverse effects attributed to statin treatment…

…coexist with adverse effects on stroke, heart failure, cardiovascular mortality and atrial fibrillation. Consequently, alcohol should not be initiated as a cardiovascular preventive strategy. A…

…Addition of a PCSK9 inhibitor when the target remains unmet despite maximally tolerated statin therapy and ezetimibe. For patients with a recurrent atherothrombotic event while…

…selection of glucose lowering therapies with demonstrated cardiovascular effects. Diabetes may also contribute to arrhythmogenesis through diabetic neuropathy and adverse metabolic effects, independently of coexisting…

…digoxin treatment. Adverse effects of digoxin The incidence of adverse drug reactions is high, owing to the narrow therapeutic index of the drug. Digoxin is…

…coronary vasodilation. This selectivity minimizes activation of A1, A2B, and A3 receptors, which are associated with adverse effects such as bronchoconstriction and atrioventricular block. Adenosine…

…20 μg/kg/min. Maximum: 40 μg/kg/min + +++++ +++ 0 A potent inotrope with a mild chronotropic effect. Doses < 5 μg…

…given the adverse effects of long periods of tachycardia and desynchronized atrial and ventricular activity. Fortunately, the treatment of atrial fibrillation has come a long…

…Because of the drug's unusual pharmacokinetics, serious arrhythmia indications, and potential adverse effects, consideration should be given to initiating therapy with the patient hospitalized…

…reductions in four component major adverse cardiovascular events. The reported hazard ratio was 0.83, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.72–0.95…

Cardiology Diagnosis and treatment of bradycardia (bradyarrhythmia) Acute bradycardia with hemodynamic instability Acute bradycardia with hemodynamic effects is a potentially life threatening condition and should…

…s) Active Ingredient(s) Cardiotoxicity Label Section DICT Concern Cardiac side effects Severity of cardiotoxicity Hyaluronic Acid HYALURONIC ACID HYALURONIC ACID NA no no ZYPREXA…

…and adverse effects increase. Hypertensive crisis Hypertensive urgency: markedly raised pressure without organ involvement — lower it orally over days. Hypertensive emergency: raised pressure with acute…

…management of hypertension, including hypertensive emergency. Mechanism of action • Systemic Dopamine 1 (D1) receptor agonist. • Lowers blood pressure while maintaining or increasing kidney perfusion. Effects…

…mg. Adverse effects Tachycardia. Flushing. Headache. Nausea. Vomiting. Caution Rarely used unless patient has a confirmed diagnosis of pheochromocytoma Treatment of hypertension associated with pheochromocytoma…

…role of sensitized sensory nerve endings and afferent neural pathways in causing chronic refractory cough, akin to chronic neuropathic pain. This syndrome presents with a…

…during diastole. This causes adverse hemodynamic effects, and the condition is classified as cardiac tamponade. The classical signs of cardiac tamponade are hypotension, muffled heart…

…guideline recommendations include: High intensity statin therapy for all patients with ACS. Addition of a non statin lipid lowering agent in patients receiving maximally tolerated…

…administration of adrenaline is associated with more severe and more protracted reactions, biphasic courses and fatal outcome. At the same time, serious adverse effects are…

…some patients. Adverse effects Tachycardia. Headache. Flushing. Edema. Dizziness. Caution Should be used cautiously in patients with myocardial ischemia and/or heart failure. Nicardipine doses…

…heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and peripheral artery disease (PAD). Figure 1 (below) shows weight loss effects of novel…

…Depression and adverse environmental exposures are associated with continued or resumed smoking after the acute event and warrant particular attention. Cardiovascular benefits of cessation The…

…with plasma uric acid reduction of approximately 10% to 15% Possible effects on erythropoietin activity and erythropoiesis SGLT2 inhibition may also activate adenosine 5′ monophosphate…

…adverse drug effects. Wide variability between measurements. Hypertension in pregnancy. Contraindications There are no absolute contraindications. Refrain or adapt in atrial fibrillation with a rapid…

…recruitment of inflammatory cells to vascular lesions. The interleukin 1β pathway, with downstream effects involving interleukin 6 and C reactive protein, has been a…

…lower doses of each component, potentially limiting adverse effects and facilitating adherence. Treatment response, however, is heterogeneous, and some patients may benefit from a more…

…less durable relief of angina in some patients and a greater likelihood of repeat PCI. Multivessel disease in ACS is associated with an adverse prognosis…

…Patients with functional loss but preserved independence require a more detailed geriatric assessment. Where functional impairment is accompanied by inability to perform activities of daily…

…pulmonary vascular obstruction is accompanied by limited cardiopulmonary reserve or other adverse comorbidity. The classification of acute PE comprises four clinically useful groups: High risk…

…lack a pupillary reflex upon their initial presentation. An absent pupillary reflex upon presentation was associated with a threefold increased risk of an adverse neurological…

…extent of ventricular fibrosis, LVOT obstruction, age, and left ventricular function. The HCM Risk SCD score aims to identify individuals with a high risk of…

…to predict major adverse cardiac events (MACE) , including mortality, myocardial infarction, and repeat revascularization. For example, in the SYNTAX trial, patients with high scores had…

…profile. Predicting Outcomes : It predicts 10 year mortality and 5 year major adverse cardiac events (MACE) with greater accuracy than the original SYNTAX Score. Heart…

…contrast agents, and accurately identifies abdominal aortic enlargement. Screening reduces aneurysm related mortality in populations with a high prevalence of AAA, particularly older male smoke

…architecture and mechanical stability. Atherosclerotic lesions commonly arise at sites of disturbed flow, including branch points in the epicardial coronary arteries. Early lesions may undergo…

…of shock. Patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease have a higher burden of comorbidity and an increased risk of in hospital complications, including…

…Chronic hypoperfusion with hibernating myocardium Post ischemic stunning Adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling Ischemic cardiomyopathy is the leading cause of heart failure with reduced ejection…

…ability of a myocardial territory to augment blood flow during exercise or pharmacological vasodilation. Relative differences in regional tracer uptake during stress are compared with…

…on the treadmill. Leg fatigue is, as compared with chest pain and dyspnea, a poor predictor of cardiovascular and all cause mortality. However, leg fatigue…

…and infarction Definition and Purpose Cardiac rehabilitation is a comprehensive, multidisciplinary secondary prevention intervention for patients with cardiovascular disease, including those recovering from myocardial infarction…