…not surprising given the adverse effects of long periods of tachycardia and desynchronized atrial and ventricular activity. Fortunately, the treatment of atrial fibrillation has come…

…effects. Most of these adverse events are related to the suppression of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS), such as decreases in blood pressure and…

…involving 192 patients with cardiogenic shock, researchers compared the effectiveness of milrinone and dobutamine . The primary composite outcome included in hospital mortality, resuscitated cardiac arrest…

…to take statins. Approximately 70% were in secondary prevention and 30% in primary prevention; 23% were taking a small dose of a statin, defined as…

…or other circumstances that may affect cessation or treatment monitoring. Single question screening can identify unhealthy drug use requiring counselling regarding cardiovascular effects and potential…

…and a greater likelihood of repeat PCI. Multivessel disease in ACS is associated with an adverse prognosis. In STEMI, approximately half of patients undergoing primary…

…ischaemic events and possible infectious or other non cardiovascular adverse outcomes. Mechanisms of action Colchicine Colchicine appears to exert several anti inflammatory effects relevant to…

…is not an established drug interaction. The half life of adenosine is 8 seconds. Adverse effects are therefore very brief. Indications Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT…

…obstruction of the bowel or the urinary tract. Marked bradycardia, sick sinus syndrome or high grade AV block without pacemaker protection. Asthma and other marked…

…hypertensive emergency. It summarises the mechanism of action, the onset, the duration of effect, the dosing, the adverse effects and the important precautions. A hypertensive…

…reflects true biological protection. Potentially favourable associations with myocardial infarction may coexist with adverse effects on stroke, heart failure, cardiovascular mortality and atrial fibrillation. Consequently…

…through diabetic neuropathy and adverse metabolic effects, independently of coexisting CAD, previous myocardial infarction or HF. Nevertheless, the risk of arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death…

…causes adverse hemodynamic effects, and the condition is classified as cardiac tamponade. The classical signs of cardiac tamponade are hypotension, muffled heart sounds and jugular…

…Consequently, isolated systolic hypertension and widening pulse pressure are common in later life. These changes contribute to the complexity of defining an appropriate treatment target…

…shoulder dislocation, with an effect equivalent to sedation and fewer adverse effects Digital nerve block The standard in finger dislocation Procedural sedation Propofol, ketamine or…

…hours. Adverse effects Severe hypotension. Contraindications • Contraindicated in pregnancy, severe renal artery stenosis, severe hyperkalemia. • Avoid in acute heart failure and acute myocardial infarction. Enalaprilat…

…muscle cells and has little or no effect on myocardial contractility or conduction. Clevidipine reduces mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) by decreasing systemic vascular resistance…

…min. Maximum infusion dose: 300 μg/kg/min. Bolus doses of 300 μg/kg can be repeated during infusion. Adverse effects Flushing. Nausea…

…simultaneous administration of beta blockers). Effects Induces arteriolar vasodilation without effects on venous circulation. The reduction in systemic vascular resistance (SVR) is rapid and may…

…patients with asthma (due to risk of bronchospasm). • Used cautiously in bradycardia due to negative chronotropic effect. Metoprolol doses and administration in hypertension (hypertensive crisis…

…μg/min. Time to onset of action: 2 to 5 minutes Duration of action: 5 to 10 minutes. Adverse effects Headache (cerebral vasodilation). Tachycardia …

…with increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and stent thrombosis. Premature DAPT interruption is described as the strongest predictor of stent thrombosis in…

…begins with assessment and management of reversible causes. Because the prognosis is described as benign, treatment is directed primarily at symptom relief and may not…

…Catapress TTS 3 (0.3 mg/24hrs) Dosage in renal failure and renal replacement therapy: Dose as in normal renal function Adverse effects Excessive sedation…

…minutes to a total dose of 300 mg. Infusion regime : • 0.5–2 mg/minute IV infusion. Higher doses are sometimes required. Adverse effects Vomiting…

…Any of the drugs listed below may be used to treat hypertensive emergencies. The desired time to action, contraindications and risk of adverse effects should…

…may contribute to HTG. Reducing alcohol and carbohydrate intake, and considering a switch to antiretroviral agents with less adverse lipid effects, may improve triglyceride concentrations…

…Any of the drugs listed below may be used to treat hypertensive emergencies. The desired time to action, contraindications and risk of adverse effects should…

…and duration. Functional limitation and effect on activities of daily living. Workload or exertion required to provoke symptoms. Response to current antianginal therapy. Adverse effects…

…for mor than 10 minutes. Administer sodium thiosulfate (cyanide into thiocyanate) and terminate infusion of nitroprusside if cyanide toxicity is suspected. Adverse effects • Nausea. Vomiting…

…including modulation of inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial function, plaque stability, thrombogenic responses and immune activity. Statin intolerance refers to adverse effects attributed to statin treatment…

…statins further reduces major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and major adverse limb events (MALE), and improves walking distance. The role of PCSK9 inhibition in thoracic…

…the effect on impulse conduction because digoxin slows impulse conduction. It is important to note that the association between ECG changes and the risk of…

…coronary vasodilation. This selectivity minimizes activation of A1, A2B, and A3 receptors, which are associated with adverse effects such as bronchoconstriction and atrioventricular block. Adenosine…

…D2 Effect Adverse effects : : : : : : : : : : : : : Dopamine — low dose Rarely used 0.5–3.0 μg/kg/min + + + +++++ Low dose dopamine stimulates D1 receptors and induces…

…must be individualized based on the clinical situation and arrhythmia severity. Because of the drug's unusual pharmacokinetics, serious arrhythmia indications, and potential adverse effects…

…are the strongest predictors of adverse outcomes. Non acute or asymptomatic bradycardia Non acute bradycardia is a common finding in both healthy and diseased individuals…

…s) Active Ingredient(s) Cardiotoxicity Label Section DICT Concern Cardiac side effects Severity of cardiotoxicity Hyaluronic Acid HYALURONIC ACID HYALURONIC ACID NA no no ZYPREXA…

…70–79 Avoid a systolic pressure < 120 mmHg and a diastolic pressure < 70 mmHg on treatment — the benefit plateaus and adverse effects increase…

…Effects Dopamine 1 receptor agonists lower systemic blood pressure and increase renal perfusion. Time to onset of action 50 to 10 minutes Duration of action…

…and increase in increments of 0.1 mg. Adverse effects Tachycardia. Flushing. Headache. Nausea. Vomiting. Caution Rarely used unless patient has a confirmed diagnosis of…

…and favourably modifies inflammatory and collagen related components of atherosclerotic plaque. These effects help explain why reductions in cardiovascular events are substantially greater than the…

…administration of adrenaline is associated with more severe and more protracted reactions, biphasic courses and fatal outcome. At the same time, serious adverse effects are…

…of smooth muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside, nicardipine induces relatively greater venodilation than arteriolar dilation. Effects Nicardipine causes dilation of the coronary and systemic…

…agents exert multifaceted effects through direct activation of receptors in target tissues. 15 Recent evidence clarifies that while the benefits in conditions like osteoarthritis and…

…atrial fibrillation and peripheral artery disease. Prognosis is generally worse when diabetes coexists with these conditions. However, the cardiovascular effects of SGLT2 inhibitors are not…

…apnoea). Suspected hypotension: dizziness, syncope, autonomic dysfunction, adverse drug effects. Wide variability between measurements. Hypertension in pregnancy. Contraindications There are no absolute contraindications. Refrain or…

…than simply increasing the dose of a single drug. They may also permit lower doses of each component, potentially limiting adverse effects and facilitating adherence…

…Respiratory rate and oxygenation Evidence of systemic congestion or acute RV failure Syncope or altered clinical status Comorbid cardiopulmonary disease, active cancer, and other conditions…

…result, pupils often dilate widely within 30–120 seconds of cardiac arrest and light reactivity is lost when cerebral blood flow ceases. In other words…

…linked to adverse outcomes. Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Gradient (LVOTG) : LVOT obstruction is a risk factor for heart failure and arrhythmias. Family History of Sudden…

…quantitative scoring system designed to assess the complexity of coronary artery disease (CAD) and guide the choice between percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery…

…designed to improve the prediction of long term outcomes after revascularization. It incorporates both anatomical (from the original SYNTAX Score) and clinical variables (e.g…

…avoids ionizing radiation and contrast agents, and accurately identifies abdominal aortic enlargement. Screening reduces aneurysm related mortality in populations with a high prevalence of AAA…

…antithrombotic surface, and control the adhesion and migration of inflammatory cells. Dyslipidaemia, cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and other adverse influences disturb these functions. The…

…or other major adverse cardiovascular events. Complete revascularization is therefore considered an important therapeutic objective, particularly in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and/or MVD…

…dysfunction and HF become more prominent, angina may diminish or disappear. Others have no recognized history of angina or MI, making the distinction from primary…

…metabolic imaging. Contribute to assessment of cardiac inflammation, infective endocarditis, and cardiac amyloidosis using appropriate radiopharmaceuticals. Functional perfusion imaging primarily identifies haemodynamically important disease. Non…

…intensity of the physical activity. It is based on the subjective physical sensations experienced during exercise, including increased heart rate, increased respiratory rate and depth…

…ventricular function The amount of residual viable myocardium exposed to ischaemic risk Susceptibility to serious ventricular arrhythmias Cardiac rehabilitation addresses these determinants indirectly and comprehensively…