…Adverse effects that restrict further drug escalation. Previous PCI, CABG, or attempted chronic total occlusion recanalization. Patient preferences concerning additional medication, invasive investigation, and device…

…concurrent use of beta blockers. The vasodilating effect reduces preload and afterload, further reducing myocardial workload. Levosimendan is used in severe acute or chronic heart…

…whether ACS or chronic coronary syndrome (CCS). Whether and how PCI was performed. The need for non cardiac surgery. The presence of an indication for…

…hypertensive emergency. It summarises the mechanism of action, the onset, the duration of effect, the dosing, the adverse effects and the important precautions. A hypertensive…

…Long term efficacy data remain limited, and the possibility that chronic If channel blockade could increase sympathetic activity, with adverse remodelling or pro arrhythmic c

…through diabetic neuropathy and adverse metabolic effects, independently of coexisting CAD, previous myocardial infarction or HF. Nevertheless, the risk of arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death…

…In chronic coronary syndrome, the recommended LDL C objective is: LDL C <1.4 mmol/L (<55 mg/dL) , and A reduction of at least…

…reflects true biological protection. Potentially favourable associations with myocardial infarction may coexist with adverse effects on stroke, heart failure, cardiovascular mortality and atrial fibrillation. Consequently…

…not surprising given the adverse effects of long periods of tachycardia and desynchronized atrial and ventricular activity. Fortunately, the treatment of atrial fibrillation has come…

…of each drug according to its vasoconstrictor effect (vertical axis) and its positive inotropic effect (horizontal axis). Grey = pure vasopressors, orange = phosphodiesterase inhibitors…

…must be individualized based on the clinical situation and arrhythmia severity. Because of the drug's unusual pharmacokinetics, serious arrhythmia indications, and potential adverse effects…

…are the strongest predictors of adverse outcomes. Non acute or asymptomatic bradycardia Non acute bradycardia is a common finding in both healthy and diseased individuals…

…dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are foundational therapies in cardiovascular medicine, widely utilized for the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart…

…70–79 Avoid a systolic pressure < 120 mmHg and a diastolic pressure < 70 mmHg on treatment — the benefit plateaus and adverse effects increase…

…and favourably modifies inflammatory and collagen related components of atherosclerotic plaque. These effects help explain why reductions in cardiovascular events are substantially greater than the…

…chronic kidney disease (CKD), and peripheral artery disease (PAD). Figure 1 (below) shows weight loss effects of novel multi agonists in recent clinical trials (Rawshani…

…or other circumstances that may affect cessation or treatment monitoring. Single question screening can identify unhealthy drug use requiring counselling regarding cardiovascular effects and potential…

…ischaemic events and possible infectious or other non cardiovascular adverse outcomes. Mechanisms of action Colchicine Colchicine appears to exert several anti inflammatory effects relevant to…

…atrial fibrillation and peripheral artery disease. Prognosis is generally worse when diabetes coexists with these conditions. However, the cardiovascular effects of SGLT2 inhibitors are not…

…of revascularization Expected effects on death, myocardial infarction and stroke Likelihood of repeat revascularization Symptom burden and treatment goals Diabetes, left ventricular function and other…

…shoulder dislocation, with an effect equivalent to sedation and fewer adverse effects Digital nerve block The standard in finger dislocation Procedural sedation Propofol, ketamine or…

…hours. Adverse effects Severe hypotension. Contraindications • Contraindicated in pregnancy, severe renal artery stenosis, severe hyperkalemia. • Avoid in acute heart failure and acute myocardial infarction. Enalaprilat…

…egg), of which the maximum dose per 24 hours is 1000 mL. Adverse effects Headache. Nausea. Fever. Atrial fibrillation. Worsening of heart failure. Caution • Used…

…min. Maximum infusion dose: 300 μg/kg/min. Bolus doses of 300 μg/kg can be repeated during infusion. Adverse effects Flushing. Nausea…

…hour. Adverse effects Tachycardia. Flushing. Headache. Angina pectoris. Caution Heart failure. Angina pectoris (ischemic heart disease). Hydralazine doses and administration in hypertension (hypertensive crisis/emergency).

…is not an established drug interaction. The half life of adenosine is 8 seconds. Adverse effects are therefore very brief. Indications Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT…

…obstruction of the bowel or the urinary tract. Marked bradycardia, sick sinus syndrome or high grade AV block without pacemaker protection. Asthma and other marked…

…patients with asthma (due to risk of bronchospasm). • Used cautiously in bradycardia due to negative chronotropic effect. Metoprolol doses and administration in hypertension (hypertensive crisis…

…μg/min. Time to onset of action: 2 to 5 minutes Duration of action: 5 to 10 minutes. Adverse effects Headache (cerebral vasodilation). Tachycardia …

…Catapress TTS 3 (0.3 mg/24hrs) Dosage in renal failure and renal replacement therapy: Dose as in normal renal function Adverse effects Excessive sedation…

…minutes to a total dose of 300 mg. Infusion regime : • 0.5–2 mg/minute IV infusion. Higher doses are sometimes required. Adverse effects Vomiting…

…Any of the drugs listed below may be used to treat hypertensive emergencies. The desired time to action, contraindications and risk of adverse effects should…

…synthesis and very low density lipoprotein production. Cyclosporine raises LDL cholesterol, partly by reducing LDL receptor availability. Tacrolimus appears to have less adverse effect on…

…Any of the drugs listed below may be used to treat hypertensive emergencies. The desired time to action, contraindications and risk of adverse effects should…

…for mor than 10 minutes. Administer sodium thiosulfate (cyanide into thiocyanate) and terminate infusion of nitroprusside if cyanide toxicity is suspected. Adverse effects • Nausea. Vomiting…

…including modulation of inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial function, plaque stability, thrombogenic responses and immune activity. Statin intolerance refers to adverse effects attributed to statin treatment…

…the effect on impulse conduction because digoxin slows impulse conduction. It is important to note that the association between ECG changes and the risk of…

…coronary vasodilation. This selectivity minimizes activation of A1, A2B, and A3 receptors, which are associated with adverse effects such as bronchoconstriction and atrioventricular block. Adenosine…

…component major adverse cardiovascular events. The reported hazard ratio was 0.83, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.72–0.95 and an absolute…

…s) Active Ingredient(s) Cardiotoxicity Label Section DICT Concern Cardiac side effects Severity of cardiotoxicity Hyaluronic Acid HYALURONIC ACID HYALURONIC ACID NA no no ZYPREXA…

…Effects Dopamine 1 receptor agonists lower systemic blood pressure and increase renal perfusion. Time to onset of action 50 to 10 minutes Duration of action…

…and increase in increments of 0.1 mg. Adverse effects Tachycardia. Flushing. Headache. Nausea. Vomiting. Caution Rarely used unless patient has a confirmed diagnosis of…

…causes adverse hemodynamic effects, and the condition is classified as cardiac tamponade. The classical signs of cardiac tamponade are hypotension, muffled heart sounds and jugular…

…administration of adrenaline is associated with more severe and more protracted reactions, biphasic courses and fatal outcome. At the same time, serious adverse effects are…

…contraction of smooth muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside, nicardipine induces relatively greater venodilation than arteriolar dilation. Effects Nicardipine causes dilation of the coronary and…

…apnoea). Suspected hypotension: dizziness, syncope, autonomic dysfunction, adverse drug effects. Wide variability between measurements. Hypertension in pregnancy. Contraindications There are no absolute contraindications. Refrain or…

…than simply increasing the dose of a single drug. They may also permit lower doses of each component, potentially limiting adverse effects and facilitating adherence…

…adverse cardiovascular outcome, the potential benefit for an individual patient may remain substantial. At the same time, adverse effects such as hypotension, syncope, falls, and…

…and death. The clinical consequences are particularly important when pulmonary vascular obstruction is accompanied by limited cardiopulmonary reserve or other adverse comorbidity. The classification of…

…result, pupils often dilate widely within 30–120 seconds of cardiac arrest and light reactivity is lost when cerebral blood flow ceases. In other words…

…linked to adverse outcomes. Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Gradient (LVOTG) : LVOT obstruction is a risk factor for heart failure and arrhythmias. Family History of Sudden…

…number of lesions, their location, and specific characteristics such as bifurcations, chronic total occlusions (CTOs), calcification, and thrombus presence. These factors are weighted and summed…

…designed to improve the prediction of long term outcomes after revascularization. It incorporates both anatomical (from the original SYNTAX Score) and clinical variables (e.g…

…The principal determinant of adverse outcome is aneurysm size. Larger aneurysms and more rapid expansion are associated with increasing likelihood of symptoms, complications and rupture…

…antithrombotic surface, and control the adhesion and migration of inflammatory cells. Dyslipidaemia, cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and other adverse influences disturb these functions. The…

…or other major adverse cardiovascular events. Complete revascularization is therefore considered an important therapeutic objective, particularly in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and/or MVD…

…Reversible ischemic dysfunction Chronic hypoperfusion with hibernating myocardium Post ischemic stunning Adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling Ischemic cardiomyopathy is the leading cause of heart failure…

…available, PET MPI is recommended in individuals with suspected chronic coronary syndrome and a moderate or high pre test likelihood of obstructive coronary artery disease…

…intensity of the physical activity. It is based on the subjective physical sensations experienced during exercise, including increased heart rate, increased respiratory rate and depth…

…ventricular function The amount of residual viable myocardium exposed to ischaemic risk Susceptibility to serious ventricular arrhythmias Cardiac rehabilitation addresses these determinants indirectly and comprehensively…