…contraindications and risk of adverse effects should guide the choice of agent. Calcium channel blockers (CCB) Clevidipine Drug Clevidipine Brand names Cleviprex ® Indications Hypertension…

…contraindications and risk of adverse effects should guide the choice of agent. Calcium channel blockers (CCB) Clevidipine Drug Clevidipine Brand names Cleviprex ® Indications Hypertension…

…avoidance of cardiac stimulants. Beta blockers have been used for symptomatic patients, but effective doses may produce troublesome chronic fatigue. Non dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers…

…beta blockers, or calcium channel blockers Recent acute myocardial infarction (AMI) Pharmacologic agents in perfusion imaging Vasodilators (adenosine, dipyridamole, regadenoson) These agents exert vasodilatory effects…

…erythromycin and clarithromycin, azole antifungals, selected antivirals including lopinavir, ritonavir and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, some calcium channel blockers, colchicine, ciclosporin, warfarin and grapefruit juice. Gemfibrozil should…

…Treatment of postoperative hypertension. Mechanism of action Ultra short acting calcium channel blocker (CCB). Half life: 5 minutes. Rapidly inactivated by esterases. Effects • Clevidipine is…

…ATP channels. Levosimendan alleviates heart failure symptoms, increases cardiac output, and lowers pulmonary artery pressure without increasing myocardial oxygen consumption. The inotropic effect of levosimendan…

…Prinzmetal's angina Mechanism of action Nicardipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (CCB). Nicardipine inhibits the influx of extracellular calcium in the myocardial and…

…activates calcium sensitive potassium channels in the cell membrane. Nitroglycerin is similar in action and pharmacokinetics to nitroprusside, although the latter is more potent. Effects…

…then activates calcium sensitive potassium channels in the cell membrane. Time to onset of action : 1 minute. Duration of action : <10 minutes. Effects Potent blood…

…arrhythmogenesis through diabetic neuropathy and adverse metabolic effects, independently of coexisting CAD, previous myocardial infarction or HF. Nevertheless, the risk of arrhythmia and sudden cardiac…

…digoxin treatment. Adverse effects of digoxin The incidence of adverse drug reactions is high, owing to the narrow therapeutic index of the drug. Digoxin is…

…Drug Indications Dosing α1 β1 β2 D1/D2 Effect Adverse effects : : : : : : : : : : : : : Dopamine — low dose Rarely used 0.5–3.0 μg/kg/min + + + +++++ Low…

…s) Active Ingredient(s) Cardiotoxicity Label Section DICT Concern Cardiac side effects Severity of cardiotoxicity Hyaluronic Acid HYALURONIC ACID HYALURONIC ACID NA no no ZYPREXA…

…shoulder dislocation, with an effect equivalent to sedation and fewer adverse effects Digital nerve block The standard in finger dislocation Procedural sedation Propofol, ketamine or…

…iv. Increase as necessary. Maximum dose: 5 mg iv every six hours. Adverse effects Severe hypotension. Contraindications • Contraindicated in pregnancy, severe renal artery stenosis, severe…

…min. Maximum infusion dose: 300 μg/kg/min. Bolus doses of 300 μg/kg can be repeated during infusion. Adverse effects Flushing. Nausea…

…No effect on venous circulation. • May cause reflex sympathetic stimulation (can be counteracted with simultaneous administration of beta blockers). Effects Induces arteriolar vasodilation without effects…

…is not an established drug interaction. The half life of adenosine is 8 seconds. Adverse effects are therefore very brief. Indications Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT…

…test dose without troublesome adverse effects, give a further 8 mg intravenously , slowly. Rapid injection increases the risk of nicotinic effects with paradoxically increasing weakness…

…hypertensive emergency. It summarises the mechanism of action, the onset, the duration of effect, the dosing, the adverse effects and the important precautions. A hypertensive…

…mg IV followed by 2.5–15 mg IV every 3 to 6 hours. Adverse effects Vomiting. Dizziness. Nausea. Atrioventricular blocks (AV blocks). Orthostatic hypotension…

…with increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and stent thrombosis. Premature DAPT interruption is described as the strongest predictor of stent thrombosis in…

…Catapress TTS 3 (0.3 mg/24hrs) Dosage in renal failure and renal replacement therapy: Dose as in normal renal function Adverse effects Excessive sedation…

…dose of 300 mg. Infusion regime : • 0.5–2 mg/minute IV infusion. Higher doses are sometimes required. Adverse effects Vomiting. Dizziness. Nausea. Atrioventricular blocks…

…LDL cholesterol, partly by reducing LDL receptor availability. Tacrolimus appears to have less adverse effect on lipids. Sirolimus may cause particularly prominent triglyceride elevation, including…

…Functional limitation and effect on activities of daily living. Workload or exertion required to provoke symptoms. Response to current antianginal therapy. Adverse effects that restrict…

…more recent analyses question whether this reflects true biological protection. Potentially favourable associations with myocardial infarction may coexist with adverse effects on stroke, heart failure…

…an effect not shared to the same extent by statins. Inclisiran Inclisiran is a liver targeted small interfering RNA. It promotes degradation of the messenger…

…are at increased risk of cardiovascular mortality in general. This is not surprising given the adverse effects of long periods of tachycardia and desynchronized atrial…

…the clinical situation and arrhythmia severity. Because of the drug's unusual pharmacokinetics, serious arrhythmia indications, and potential adverse effects, consideration should be given to…

…reductions in four component major adverse cardiovascular events. The reported hazard ratio was 0.83, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.72–0.95…

…rather than ECG, are the strongest predictors of adverse outcomes. Non acute or asymptomatic bradycardia Non acute bradycardia is a common finding in both healthy…

…70–79 Avoid a systolic pressure < 120 mmHg and a diastolic pressure < 70 mmHg on treatment — the benefit plateaus and adverse effects increase…

…1 μg/kg/minute iv. Titrated at 15 minutes intervals. Maximum infusion dose: 1.6 μg/kg/minute Adverse effects Headache. Flushing. Tachycardia…

…crisis. Mechanism of action Phentolamine is a non selective alpha adrenergic blocker. Phentolamine reduces blood pressure while increasing catecholamine activity. Effects Primarily causes afterload reduction…

…their use is limited by specific adverse effects. Most of these adverse events are related to the suppression of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS…

…during diastole. This causes adverse hemodynamic effects, and the condition is classified as cardiac tamponade. The classical signs of cardiac tamponade are hypotension, muffled heart…

…related components of atherosclerotic plaque. These effects help explain why reductions in cardiovascular events are substantially greater than the usually modest anatomical regression of coronary…

…administration of adrenaline is associated with more severe and more protracted reactions, biphasic courses and fatal outcome. At the same time, serious adverse effects are…

…microvascular dysfunction and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), whereas BMI alone often fails to capture these specific pathological drivers. 5 Physiological Mechanisms of Cardioprotection: Direct…

…Depression and adverse environmental exposures are associated with continued or resumed smoking after the acute event and warrant particular attention. Cardiovascular benefits of cessation The…

…with plasma uric acid reduction of approximately 10% to 15% Possible effects on erythropoietin activity and erythropoiesis SGLT2 inhibition may also activate adenosine 5′ monophosphate…

…apnoea). Suspected hypotension: dizziness, syncope, autonomic dysfunction, adverse drug effects. Wide variability between measurements. Hypertension in pregnancy. Contraindications There are no absolute contraindications. Refrain or…

…cardiovascular adverse outcomes. Mechanisms of action Colchicine Colchicine appears to exert several anti inflammatory effects relevant to coronary disease: Reduction of inflammasome activation. Inhibition of…

…than simply increasing the dose of a single drug. They may also permit lower doses of each component, potentially limiting adverse effects and facilitating adherence…

…underlying coronary atherosclerotic process. Their clinical effects therefore occur within the broader framework of guideline directed medical therapy and secondary prevention. PCI treats focal stenotic…

…Thus, although a smaller number of older patients may need treatment to prevent one adverse cardiovascular outcome, the potential benefit for an individual patient may…

…pulmonary vascular obstruction is accompanied by limited cardiopulmonary reserve or other adverse comorbidity. The classification of acute PE comprises four clinically useful groups: High risk…

…was associated with a threefold increased risk of an adverse neurological outcome. In summary, while the absence of a pupillary reflex upon hospital admission post…

…linked to adverse outcomes. Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Gradient (LVOTG) : LVOT obstruction is a risk factor for heart failure and arrhythmias. Family History of Sudden…

…SYNTAX Score is a semi quantitative scoring system designed to assess the complexity of coronary artery disease (CAD) and guide the choice between percutaneous coronary…

…II Anatomical SYNTAX Score : Derived from the original SYNTAX Score, which evaluates the complexity of coronary lesions. Clinical Variables : Age : Older patients have a higher…

…especially affected. The principal determinant of adverse outcome is aneurysm size. Larger aneurysms and more rapid expansion are associated with increasing likelihood of symptoms, complications…

…of inflammatory cells. Dyslipidaemia, cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and other adverse influences disturb these functions. The resulting endothelial dysfunction promotes inappropriate vasoconstriction, adhesion of…

…recurrent symptoms, myocardial infarction, or other major adverse cardiovascular events. Complete revascularization is therefore considered an important therapeutic objective, particularly in patients with left ventricular…

…hypoperfusion with hibernating myocardium Post ischemic stunning Adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling Ischemic cardiomyopathy is the leading cause of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction…

…quantify stress induced myocardial ischaemia. Detect and characterize myocardial scar. Estimate the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events. Assess left ventricular volumes, regional wall motion…

…low workload is a strong predictor of adverse outcomes. Table 1. Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale RATING LEVEL OF EXERTION COMMENT 6 No exertion…

…during exercise may signal an adverse clinical response. Recreational activity should therefore be increased at an appropriate intensity, with attention to the emergence of symptoms…