…under acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Aortic dissection Pneumothorax Pulmonary embolism Mediastinitis (rare condition) In addition to these five conditions, there are numerous other causes of…

…exercise capacity (and VO2 max , see below). In addition to exercise capacity, stress testing also provides information on electrocardiographic (ECG) reaction, the occurrence of arrhythmias…

…gel is recommended. In addition to the gel, it is important to apply some pressure when holding the transducer against the skin. Patients with extensive…

…atherosclerotic vascular disease or familial hypercholesterolaemia, addition of bempedoic acid to statin therapy reduced LDL C by approximately 16.5%; the reduction in a subgroup…

…contractility. Analogous electrophysiological changes occur within the sinus and atrioventricular (AV) nodes. In addition to these direct effects, adenosine antagonizes catecholamine stimulated adenylate cyclase. This…

…ventricular function is therefore an important therapeutic objective. Exercise intolerance Exercise limitation is multifactorial. In addition to elevated exercise induced filling pressures, patients may have:

…and can develop gradually over several days to weeks. More acute endocarditis is often caused by staphylococcus auerus . This usually affects drug users (intravenous addiction)…

…pacing. 25 mm/s. In addition to stimulation artifacts, ventricular pacing yields wide QRS complexes with LBBB morphology (i.e left bundle branch block appearance)…

…the myocardium and valves. ECG is recorded in all patients with suspected pericardial disease. In addition to echocardiography, ECG and clinical examination, blood tests and…

…EMS) is trained in BLS. It is increasingly common to dispatch first responders to OHCA, in addition to ambulances. Chest compressions are prioritized above ventilations…

…intraosseous flow requires pressure ; gravity is not enough. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL to anaesthetise the marrow cavity in a conscious patient. Fixation material for the…

…valvular regurgitation and defects in the atria or ventricles (Figure 2). In addition, color Doppler can be used to align the continuous Doppler. Figure 2…

…myocardial territory through the left anterior descending (LAD) and left circumflex (LCx) arteries (Figure 1). Acute obstruction can lead to rapid hemodynamic deterioration, cardiogenic shock…

…required, in addition to the mealtime dose Never stop basal insulin in a person with type 1 diabetes , not even before fasting or an investigation…

…Approximately 25–30% reduction in lipoprotein(a), an effect not shared to the same extent by statins. Inclisiran Inclisiran is a liver targeted small interfering…

…Additional pharmacological options include quinidine, ranolazine, and procainamide [4]. Catheter Ablation : Catheter ablation may be employed as an interventional alternative to suppress the arrhythmia [4…

…The diagnosis requires elevated levels of cardiac troponins. In addition to elevated troponins, the patient must display either symptoms or ECG changes consistent with myocardial…

…duration of 120 ms (0.12 s) or more is required to diagnose a complete left bundle branch block . In addition to prolonged QRS duration…

…eccentric exercise, an NSAID, an orthosis — has not given a sufficient effect. Contraindications Absolute: Cellulitis, a skin wound or other infection over the injection site…

…combined dyslipidaemia, non HDL C is particularly relevant because it captures triglyceride rich lipoproteins in addition to LDL and other apoB containing particles. Cardiovascular risk…

…heart disease and GUCH Complex malformations often require intervention (surgical or catheter based intervention). In addition to the malformation, these subjects frequently develop associated complications…

…L). Reasonable addition of a non statin agent when LDL C is 55–69 mg/dL (≥1.4 to <1.8 mmol/L). Non statin…

…after hospitalization for heart failure is 60%, which is comparable to common cancers ( Stewart et al ). In addition, heart failure is a disabling condition with…

…after hospitalization for heart failure is 60%, which is comparable to common cancers ( Stewart et al ). In addition, heart failure is a disabling condition with…

…inventions of the 20th century. Cardiac pacing has evolved from a hazardous experiment in the 1930s, to a routine, safe, and sophisticated treatment used worldwide…

…without any recurring costs. Purchasing this membership grants you permanent access to the website and there are no additional costs and no recurring costs. Ever.

…Addison's disease, renal failure, tamoxifen, lithium, thiazide diuretics, D vitamin and calcium overdose. ECG changes due to hypercalcemia Common ECG changes Shortened QT interval…

…with comparable infarct size and mortality to STEMI patients but significantly delayed treatment. While the OMI/NOMI framework is not yet formally incorporated into major…

…not cause cardiac arrest. Calcium imbalance Hypercalcemia Definition : P/S Ca 2+ 2.6 mmol/L In approximately 90% of cases, hypercalcemia is attributed to…

Introduction to Coronary Atherosclerosis, Plaques, Atherothrombosis Coronary atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, and highly dynamic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. It is characterized by…

…displayed on the ECG paper in their anatomically contiguous order from right anterior (V1) to left lateral (V6), but regrettably, the limb leads are not…

…Follow up of known HPA suppression to determine whether replacement can be stopped. The test is not the first line investigation in a suspected acute…

…are not alternatives: both are required to reduce the overall cardiovascular burden. Pathophysiological and Epidemiological Basis The lifetime burden of CVD is related to the…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Using the ECG to localize myocardial infarction and the coronary occlusion Determining the localization of myocardial infarction and ischemia, as…

…exclusively at the infarct related artery (IRA), or it may extend to additional non infarct related lesions. Culprit only revascularization treats the artery responsible for…

…used as an adjunct to dietary measures and maximally tolerated statin therapy, with or without other LDL C lowering drugs, when additional LDL C reduction…

…presentations Left main disease may be clinically silent, and revascularisation recommendations are not restricted to patients with symptoms. Current guidance supports revascularisation for significant left…

…additional mechanisms include vascular stiffness and accelerated medial calcification related to disturbed calcium–phosphate metabolism. Patients with advanced CKD are particularly vulnerable to structural cardiac…

…more patients survive with severe, diffuse CAD that is no longer amenable to additional mechanical revascularization. Despite treatment with antianginal drugs and PCI or CABG…

…pressure and symptom responses to exertion. These data can guide domestic, occupational, recreational and athletic activity counselling, although they do not fully reproduce prolonged activity…

…not apply to mathematicallyderived 12 lead ECGs (e.g EASI, Frank's leads etc). Note that in some situations it is appropriate to connect additional…

…almost not compressible Additional qualitative parameters Mild regurgiation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation Coaptation defect mild moderate severe Size right ventricle normal normal or enlarged enlarged…

…should not be given within 24 hours. If conversion to sinus rhythm is not successful, blood pressure and ECG should be observed for an additional…

…confirmed hypertension generally require BP lowering treatment without additional risk stratification for that treatment decision. Population to which SCORE2 and SCORE2 OP apply SCORE2 and…

…Low dose methotrexate did not reduce cardiovascular outcomes, and several other agents, including pexelizumab, losmapimod and darapladib, failed to demonstrate clinical benefit in the settings…

Cardiology Nephrology Definition and terminology Contrast associated acute kidney injury is an acute deterioration in renal function occurring after exposure to iodinated contrast media, particularly…

…ACS Approximately 20–25% additional reduction compared with simvastatin monotherapy Bempedoic acid plus ezetimibe Approximately 38% reduction PCSK9 inhibitor added to statin therapy Approximately 60…

…basis for intervention. The source material does not provide a distinct symptom profile, physical examination pattern or biomarker signature specific to CTOs. Evaluation and physical…

…a subsequent rise can reliably be attributed to acute procedural injury. Even then, it may not be possible to determine precisely how much of the…

…CAC is therefore not merely an incidental imaging finding; it can refine the decision to test and may identify patients who require preventive therapy even…

…with CAD, endothelial disruption may convert normal vasodilator responses to vasoconstriction; however, endothelial dysfunction alone is not sufficient, and an additional trigger is required. Potential…

…sudden cardiac arrest is common. The following cardiomyopathies lead to dilation of the ventricle: Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) Idiopathic or genetic . Ischemic cardiomyopathy Alcoholic cardiomyopathy Diabetic…

…These additional leads are V3R, V4R and V7. V3R and V4R are used in children under the age of 5 years due to the fact…

…possess an additional pathway between the atria and the ventricles. Such pathways may be conductive, such that they can transmit the atrial impulse to the…

…CKD), facilitating early intervention and management. Standardization: Its widespread adoption has led to standardized reporting of eGFR in clinical laboratories, enhancing consistency in patient care…

…corticosteroid abruptly after longer term treatment. Not giving a stress dose to a patient with adrenal insufficiency during acute illness. Confusing dexamethasone 0.75 mg…

…normal normal or enlarged enlarged Size left ventricle normal normal or enlarged enlarged Additional PISA parameters Mild regurgitation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation EROA (cm²) <…

…36 mm 13 17 mm/m2 Aortic arch 22 36 mm Descending aorta 20 30 mm ​Adjustment refers to adjusting for body surface area (BSA)…

…almost not compressible Additional qualitative parameters Mild regurgiation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation Coaptation defect mild moderate severe Size right ventricle normal normal or enlarged enlarged…

…and miscellaneous conditions A novel potentially life threatening cardiac arrhythmia syndrome identified with ECG The ECG may be used to diagnose several cardiac genetic disorders…