…mass. Waist circumference and the waist to hip ratio provide additional information about visceral adiposity and may correlate more closely with outcomes than BMI, particularly…

…at high or very high risk. Prolonged exposure to lower LDL C concentrations is associated with lower ASCVD risk. Atherogenic particle burden is not completely…

…the hand is suitable for finer cannulae. Avoid the lower limb in adults. In shock with collapsed vessels, the antecubital fossa or the external jugular…

…with the hepatic LDL receptor. They lower LDL C by approximately 50–60%, including in patients receiving background statin therapy and in those unable to…

…addition of bempedoic acid to statin therapy reduced LDL C by approximately 16.5%; the reduction in a subgroup with diabetes was approximately 19.1…

…until outpatient follow up. High intensity statin treatment is recommended for all patients with ACS to reduce major adverse cardiovascular events. Therapy should preferably begin…

…undertaken to maintain or improve physical fitness. Regular physical activity is a central component of cardiovascular prevention and treatment. It is associated with lower cardiovascular…

…a lesion proximal to the first septal perforator of the left anterior descending artery was associated with lower five year survival than a more distal…

…additional therapy alongside standard treatment. Interleukin 1β inhibition Canakinumab reduced inflammatory biomarkers without affecting lipids or other major coronary risk factors. In patients with…

…be established. Nasopharyngeal airways may cause complications in patients with skull fractures (risk of intracranial malposition of the tube) or coagulopathy (risk of bleeding). An…

…another or an additional cause [1]. Delirium tremens most often begins after one to three days but can start earlier in patients with previous complicated…

…resistance are associated with both RA and cardiovascular risk. Dyslipidaemia may be difficult to interpret during active disease: inflammatory cytokines can lower LDL and HDL…

…histology IVUS can provide additional information regarding calcific, fibrotic, fibro fatty, and necrotic components. Virtual histology IVUS has also been used to identify thin cap…

…used as an adjunct to dietary measures and maximally tolerated statin therapy, with or without other LDL C lowering drugs, when additional LDL C reduction…

…under acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Aortic dissection Pneumothorax Pulmonary embolism Mediastinitis (rare condition) In addition to these five conditions, there are numerous other causes of…

…exercise capacity (and VO2 max , see below). In addition to exercise capacity, stress testing also provides information on electrocardiographic (ECG) reaction, the occurrence of arrhythmias…

…In addition to the gel, it is important to apply some pressure when holding the transducer against the skin. Patients with extensive subcutaneous fat require…

…contractility. Analogous electrophysiological changes occur within the sinus and atrioventricular (AV) nodes. In addition to these direct effects, adenosine antagonizes catecholamine stimulated adenylate cyclase. This…

…is associated with poor outcomes. Preserving right ventricular function is therefore an important therapeutic objective. Exercise intolerance Exercise limitation is multifactorial. In addition to elevated…

…to diagnose endocarditis. With 2D and later 3D ultrasound, the technology has been greatly refined. Similarly, the development of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has been extremely…

…mm/s. In addition to stimulation artifacts, ventricular pacing yields wide QRS complexes with LBBB morphology (i.e left bundle branch block appearance). This is…

…its surroundings, the myocardium and valves. ECG is recorded in all patients with suspected pericardial disease. In addition to echocardiography, ECG and clinical examination, blood…

…EMS) is trained in BLS. It is increasingly common to dispatch first responders to OHCA, in addition to ambulances. Chest compressions are prioritized above ventilations…

…valvular regurgitation and defects in the atria or ventricles (Figure 2). In addition, color Doppler can be used to align the continuous Doppler. Figure 2…

…had higher crude in hospital and 6 month mortality (up to 18% at 6 months for 1 mm elevation, vs 7.6% with no elevation)…

…high value As required, in addition to the mealtime dose Never stop basal insulin in a person with type 1 diabetes , not even before fasting…

…Additional pharmacological options include quinidine, ranolazine, and procainamide [4]. Catheter Ablation : Catheter ablation may be employed as an interventional alternative to suppress the arrhythmia [4…

…levels of cardiac troponins. In addition to elevated troponins, the patient must display either symptoms or ECG changes consistent with myocardial infarction/ischemia. Most patients…

…duration of 120 ms (0.12 s) or more is required to diagnose a complete left bundle branch block . In addition to prolonged QRS duration…

…the ulnar nerve Carpal tunnel syndrome The carpal tunnel An acceptable bridge to surgery De Quervain's tenosynovitis The first dorsal compartment A good effect…

…Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is superior to transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), although the latter is the most frequently used method. Many patients require evaluation with additional modalities…

…which is comparable to common cancers ( Stewart et al ). In addition, heart failure is a disabling condition with a very negative impact on quality of…

…which is comparable to common cancers ( Stewart et al ). In addition, heart failure is a disabling condition with a very negative impact on quality of…

…1930s, to a routine, safe, and sophisticated treatment used worldwide. Artificial pacemakers have benefitted immensely from advances in engineering, notably with the advent of transistors…

…interpreted systematically. Failure to perform systematic interpretation may actually be detrimental. We have therefore compiled a pocket guide with a universal interpretation algorithm. These 22…

…narrow at the top. Refer to Figure 1 . Patients with left ventricular hypertrophy may instead display normalization of secondary T wave inversions (lead V5, V6…

…reperfusion therapy. This approach fails to identify a substantial proportion of patients with acute coronary occlusion (ACO) who present without diagnostic ST elevation, often resulting…

…attributed to primary hyperparathyroidism or neoplastic etiologies. Other causes include immobilization, sarcoidosis, thyrotoxicosis, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, Addison's disease, renal insufficiency, therapeutic interventions with tamoxifen…

…Unstable Angina presents with clinical and/or electrocardiographic signs of myocardial ischemia but lacks this biomarker elevation. With the ubiquitous adoption of hs cTn assays…

…is, from left superior basal to right inferior. In other words, the following order: aVL, I, −aVR (i.e., lead aVR with reversed polarity), II…

…Addison's disease): fatigue, weight loss, hyperpigmentation, hyponatraemia, hyperkalaemia, postural symptoms. Suspected secondary adrenal insufficiency in pituitary disease, after pituitary surgery or radiotherapy, or with…

…strategies aim to shift risk across the whole community through healthier environmental defaults, whereas individual level prevention focuses more intensively on people with elevated risk…

…For instance, administering nitroglycerin to alleviate ischemic chest pain may lead to hemodynamic collapse in patients with right ventricular ischemia or infarction. Recognizing ECG signs…

…ACS) with multivessel coronary artery disease (MVD), revascularization may be directed exclusively at the infarct related artery (IRA), or it may extend to additional non…

…additional mechanisms include vascular stiffness and accelerated medial calcification related to disturbed calcium–phosphate metabolism. Patients with advanced CKD are particularly vulnerable to structural cardiac…

…more patients survive with severe, diffuse CAD that is no longer amenable to additional mechanical revascularization. Despite treatment with antianginal drugs and PCI or CABG…

…Comparison with previous ECG recordings The ECG must be compared to previous ECG recordings if such are available. ST T changes are extremely common in…

…RVD 2), cm 2.7–3.3 3.4–3.7 3.8–4.1 4.2 Base to apex length (RVD 3), cm 7…

…as the patient can convert to sinus rhythm. Dose adjustments Patients with body weight 113 kg : The initial dose is 339 mg (84.7 ml…

…considerably according to age and the presence of concomitant risk factors. In contrast, patients with confirmed hypertension generally require BP lowering treatment without additional risk…

… and additional nephrotoxic exposures. The typical biochemical pattern is a rise in serum creatinine beginning 24–48 hours after exposure, with a peak at approximately…

…25% additional reduction compared with simvastatin monotherapy Bempedoic acid plus ezetimibe Approximately 38% reduction PCSK9 inhibitor added to statin therapy Approximately 60% reduction Inclisiran, with…

…target vessel. The configuration and adequacy of collateral channels. Additional features associated with greater difficulty include a previously failed attempt, a blunt proximal stump, vessel…

…troponin rise, with thresholds differing for PCI and CABG; and At least one additional indicator of new myocardial ischemia or procedural coronary compromise. When preprocedural…

…symptoms are severe, refractory to guideline directed medical therapy, occur at a low level of exertion, or are associated with high event risk. The apparent…

…In patients with CAD, endothelial disruption may convert normal vasodilator responses to vasoconstriction; however, endothelial dysfunction alone is not sufficient, and an additional trigger is…

…ultimately lead to ventricular dilation. However, the term dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) refers to idiopathic or genetic dilation of the left ventricle . Patients with DCM typically…

…These additional leads are V3R, V4R and V7. V3R and V4R are used in children under the age of 5 years due to the fact…

…possess an additional pathway between the atria and the ventricles. Such pathways may be conductive, such that they can transmit the atrial impulse to the…

…CKD), facilitating early intervention and management. Standardization: Its widespread adoption has led to standardized reporting of eGFR in clinical laboratories, enhancing consistency in patient care…