…the waist to hip ratio provide additional information about visceral adiposity and may correlate more closely with outcomes than BMI, particularly in women. For European…

…it captures triglyceride rich lipoproteins in addition to LDL and other apoB containing particles. Cardiovascular risk categories Primary prevention For adults aged 40–75 years…

…is not enough. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL to anaesthetise the marrow cavity in a conscious patient. Fixation material for the intraosseous needle. Procedure Peripheral venous…

…cholesterol (LDL C). Increased PCSK9 activity therefore contributes to higher LDL C concentrations. The genetic evidence provides the rationale for therapeutic inhibition. Gain of function…

…atherosclerotic vascular disease or familial hypercholesterolaemia, addition of bempedoic acid to statin therapy reduced LDL C by approximately 16.5%; the reduction in a subgroup…

…addition of a non statin agent when LDL C is 55–69 mg/dL (≥1.4 to <1.8 mmol/L). Non statin treatment for…

…Balance exercises Flexibility exercises Walking, yoga and gardening may provide useful activity for individuals who are reluctant to undertake formal exercise. Increasing movement during daily…

…and revascularisation recommendations are not restricted to patients with symptoms. Current guidance supports revascularisation for significant left main stenosis irrespective of symptomatic status or the…

…failed to demonstrate clinical benefit in the settings studied. Clinical application and patient populations The evidence for anti inflammatory treatment in coronary disease has principally…

…needed to treat (NNT) for the ACLS specific interventions is much higher or uncertain, meaning that the efficacy of these interventions is much lower or…

…through so called kindling, make later episodes more severe and lower the seizure threshold [6]. This explains why a history of previous withdrawal seizures or…

…Some patient groups have a two to three fold greater prevalence of asymptomatic atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) than the general population. The evidence for premature…

…information about the artery. The clinical value of these techniques rests on their ability to characterize the anatomy responsible for a stenosis, define plaque morphology…

…is required. Combination therapy should be selected according to the magnitude of additional LDL C lowering needed and the patient’s prior treatment. Inclisiran is…

…under acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Aortic dissection Pneumothorax Pulmonary embolism Mediastinitis (rare condition) In addition to these five conditions, there are numerous other causes of…

…exercise capacity (and VO2 max , see below). In addition to exercise capacity, stress testing also provides information on electrocardiographic (ECG) reaction, the occurrence of arrhythmias…

…are obtained with the patient in the supine position. In order to obtain the best possible image quality, patient safety and ergonomics for the operator…

…are unlikely to revert a tachycardia and should not be used. Specific dosing adjustments are required in certain patient populations: Pediatric patients: For patients weighing…

…ventricular function is therefore an important therapeutic objective. Exercise intolerance Exercise limitation is multifactorial. In addition to elevated exercise induced filling pressures, patients may have:

…and later 3D ultrasound, the technology has been greatly refined. Similarly, the development of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has been extremely valuable. Echocardiography is used to…

…pacing. 25 mm/s. In addition to stimulation artifacts, ventricular pacing yields wide QRS complexes with LBBB morphology (i.e left bundle branch block appearance)…

…obtained for visualizing the pericardium, its surroundings, the myocardium and valves. ECG is recorded in all patients with suspected pericardial disease. In addition to echocardiography…

CPR Time is the most critical factor for survival in cardiac arrest. Life saving interventions must be initiated momentarily to maximize the probability of survival…

…is useful for detecting valvular regurgitation and defects in the atria or ventricles (Figure 2). In addition, color Doppler can be used to align the…

…the thrombotic process is dynamic, with varying degrees of occlusion that may provide a window of opportunity for reperfusion. In addition, some patients present with…

…insulin to a patient who is not eating. Give it after the meal when the food intake is uncertain. Not writing the prescription for hypoglycaemia…

…Additional pharmacological options include quinidine, ranolazine, and procainamide [4]. Catheter Ablation : Catheter ablation may be employed as an interventional alternative to suppress the arrhythmia [4…

…levels of cardiac troponins. In addition to elevated troponins, the patient must display either symptoms or ECG changes consistent with myocardial infarction/ischemia. Most patients…

…duration of 120 ms (0.12 s) or more is required to diagnose a complete left bundle branch block . In addition to prolonged QRS duration…

…hypersensitivity to the preparations. Relative: Poorly controlled diabetes — expect a raised blood glucose for 2–5 days. Suspected or known tendon rupture. No response to…

…heart disease and GUCH Complex malformations often require intervention (surgical or catheter based intervention). In addition to the malformation, these subjects frequently develop associated complications…

…prognosis. The 5 year survival rate after hospitalization for heart failure is 60%, which is comparable to common cancers ( Stewart et al ). In addition, heart…

…prognosis. The 5 year survival rate after hospitalization for heart failure is 60%, which is comparable to common cancers ( Stewart et al ). In addition, heart…

…inventions of the 20th century. Cardiac pacing has evolved from a hazardous experiment in the 1930s, to a routine, safe, and sophisticated treatment used worldwide…

…without any recurring costs. Purchasing this membership grants you permanent access to the website and there are no additional costs and no recurring costs. Ever.

…Addison's disease, renal failure, tamoxifen, lithium, thiazide diuretics, D vitamin and calcium overdose. ECG changes due to hypercalcemia Common ECG changes Shortened QT interval…

…model, promoting earlier identification and treatment of high risk ACS patients. Future randomized trials are needed to validate this paradigm and support its broader adoption…

…per hour for a total of 4 6 mEq/L in 24 hours may be targeted. Chronic Hyponatremia ( 48 hours duration): Due to cellular adaptations…

…The transition from a quiescent plaque to a highly thrombogenic surface occurs via three primary mechanisms: Plaque Rupture: Accounting for 60 70% of ACS presentations…

…of displaying the ECG leads is referred to as the Cabrera format and it has been the existing standard in Sweden for over 30 years…

…for the test to be interpretable. Procedure 1. Schedule the test in the morning, preferably starting between 08:00 and 09:00 , with the patient…

…factors make a particularly large contribution to cardiovascular disease. Hypertension is a major component of this burden, followed by non HDL cholesterol. For myocardial infarction…

…knowledge is valuable for most clinicians. For cardiologists – particularly interventional cardiologists – this knowledge is of critical importance as they must be able to directly pinpoint…

…bleeding risk, comorbidities, frailty, and anticipated adherence to antithrombotic treatment. Whether the patient is suitable for PCI, CABG, or an initial medical strategy. In haemodynamically…

…vulnerable to structural cardiac abnormalities, HF and sudden cardiac death. The relationship between glycaemia and cardiovascular disease is complex. Glycaemic control is important for prevention…

…Response to current antianginal therapy. Adverse effects that restrict further drug escalation. Previous PCI, CABG, or attempted chronic total occlusion recanalization. Patient preferences concerning additional…

…issued by the International Society for Holter and Non Invasive Electrocardiology , where it is stated that it is extremely uncommon to have a non ischemic…

…RVD 2), cm 2.7–3.3 3.4–3.7 3.8–4.1 4.2 Base to apex length (RVD 3), cm 7…

…If conversion to sinus rhythm is not successful, blood pressure and ECG should be observed for an additional 15 minutes after the completion of the…

…to age and the presence of concomitant risk factors. In contrast, patients with confirmed hypertension generally require BP lowering treatment without additional risk stratification for…

Cardiology Nephrology Definition and terminology Contrast associated acute kidney injury is an acute deterioration in renal function occurring after exposure to iodinated contrast media, particularly…

…appropriate first line pharmacological option when a patient is unable to tolerate any statin regimen. The treatment sequence for patients with chronic coronary syndrome is…

…obstruction that has persisted for at least 30 days. CTOs are common among patients undergoing coronary angiography, with reported prevalence ranging from 18% to 52%…

…in stent restenosis. Type 5 MI: MI related to CABG. Type 4b and type 4c events fulfil the criteria for type 1 MI. Procedural myocardial…

…and infarction Definition and clinical rationale Stable angina, or chronic chest pain attributable to suspected chronic coronary syndrome, is evaluated by estimating the likelihood of…

…and an additional trigger is required. Potential triggers include thrombus formation and sympathetic activation. Rho kinase may increase vascular smooth muscle sensitivity to calcium by…

…to valvular heart disease Long term prognosis varies markedly across these conditions. The prognosis in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy may be poorer than the prognosis for…

…These additional leads are V3R, V4R and V7. V3R and V4R are used in children under the age of 5 years due to the fact…

…possess an additional pathway between the atria and the ventricles. Such pathways may be conductive, such that they can transmit the atrial impulse to the…

…early intervention and management. Standardization: Its widespread adoption has led to standardized reporting of eGFR in clinical laboratories, enhancing consistency in patient care. Non Invasiveness:…