…of monitoring, supportive treatment, anticoagulation, and possible reperfusion. The principal pathophysiological determinant of early adverse outcome is acute RV failure. In acute PE, obstruction of…

…failure — compression of both legs acutely increases preload. Untreated deep vein thrombosis in the acute phase. Septic phlebitis, ongoing soft tissue infection with systemic involvement…

…a blood gas and an ECG all come before complete identification of the substance. Treatment of acute poisoning consists of four parallel components: supportive treatment…

…of myocardium at risk. Over 48 hours: urgent PCI is still indicated with continuing ischaemia, shock, serious arrhythmia or acute heart failure. Routine opening of…

…messages Two things set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the blood gas determines…

…contrast media and recently stopped drugs. 8. Treat sepsis, bleeding, shock, hypoxia and any other underlying cause immediately. 9. Request ultrasound of the kidneys and…

…and intensive care early with life threatening features or an inadequate response. First line treatment is oxygen in hypoxaemia, repeated doses of an inhaled short…

…The standard investigation in acute stroke to identify large vessel occlusion, dissection or other vascular pathology CT perfusion Used with an unclear time of onset…

…is: Continuous acute dizziness with spontaneous nystagmus: consider HINTS plus, but only if the examiner is trained. Brief attacks triggered by the position of the…

…and carry greater risk of progression or rupture than asymptomatic lesions. Predisposing conditions Aortic dissection and its variants are associated with conditions that cause medial…