…chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal insufficiency, systemic hypertension, and concomitant abdominal aortic aneurysm. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Acute chest and/or back pain is the…

…symptoms suggestive of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), biochemical evidence of myocardial injury with corroborating evidence of infarction caused by ischaemia, and no obstructive stenosis in…

…liver disease, especially when combined with diuretics (risk of fluid retention and impaired kidney function). Patients with bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hay fever…

…non acute or asymptomatic bradyarrhythmia. In patients presenting with intermittent symptoms of bradycardia, it is fundamental to establish a temporal correlation between the symptoms and…

…is titrated slowly. Caution in acute heart failure and in obstructive airways disease Verapamil or diltiazem When a beta blocker is contraindicated, for example in…

…failure without the possibility of monitoring. Paralytic ileus and suspected obstructive ileus (an opioid can be given for the pain, but the effect on the…

…prevention of atherothrombotic events in adult patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or a prior heart attack and a high risk of developing an atherothrombotic…

…after acute coronary syndromes in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). They are also recommended in patients within one year of MI and…

…obstructive. Atherosclerotic plaque accumulation in the epicardial arteries is a major pathological substrate, but ischaemia may also result from epicardial vasomotor abnormalities or structural and…

…no previous diagnosis of CAD, and a low clinical likelihood of obstructive disease when good image quality is expected. It is also an alternative to…

…restenosis and stent thrombosis. Intravascular imaging may also clarify the mechanism of an acute coronary syndrome (ACS), particularly when angiography shows no significant obstructive disease…

…elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE ACS). The clinical spectrum includes patients with a confirmed NSTEMI, patients with a working diagnosis of NSTE ACS and a…

…Prolonged spasm can cause acute myocardial infarction, including myocardial infarction with non obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA). Ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac death are important potential…

…AVNRT and AVRT (pre excitation, WPW syndrome) being the most common. Atrial fibrillation with onset during hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis), alcohol overdose, thoracic surgery, acute myocardial infarction…

…Deasy et al ). A complete airway obstruction results in PEA and cardiac arrest within 8 minutes. Cardiac arrest as a result of asphyxia or hypoxia…

…disease. The most common causes are coronary heart disease (acute coronary syndromes or ischemic heart disease), heart failure , cardiomyopathy (dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy), valvular…

…Lesions causing only mild obstruction may rupture, thrombose and occlude. Many acute myocardial infarctions arise from lesions that previously obstructed less than 50% of the…

…mechanism of an acute coronary syndrome or guide percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). ICA therefore has three principal roles: Defining the anatomical distribution and severity of…

…deep vein thrombosis Acute myocarditis or pericarditis Acute aortic dissection Physical disability that precludes safe and adequate testing Relative contraindications Known obstructive left main coronary…

…Absolute contraindications for exercise ECG Aortic dissection – due to risk of progression and rupture. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) within 48 hours – due to the risk…

…patients with obstructive coronary disease. It is also the most prevalent antecedent of heart failure—particularly heart failure with preserved ejection fraction—and chronic kidney…

…appropriate when: The pre test likelihood of obstructive CAD is moderate or high, generally greater than 15% and less than 85% Baseline ECG abnormalities make…

…SLE Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) Rupture of papillary muscle Rupture of chordae tendineae Figure 1. Anatomy of the mitral valve Acute mitral regurgitation Acute mitral…

…and possible reperfusion. The principal pathophysiological determinant of early adverse outcome is acute RV failure. In acute PE, obstruction of pulmonary blood flow increases RV…

…Definition and staging according to KDIGO Acute kidney injury is present when at least one of the following criteria is met [1]: A rise in…

…assessment and restoration of perfusion are essential. The abrupt arterial obstruction may result from progression of peripheral arterial disease, cardiac or aortic embolisation, acute aortic…

…the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the blood gas determines the need for ventilatory…

…In reality, the course in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is modified by several factors. The most important of these, and their implications, are as follows…

…s morphology does not reliably establish that it will cause an acute event. A more clinically useful model considers both the plaque and the patient…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction ECG Definition and Pathophysiology Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) encompass a spectrum of clinical conditions characterized by a recent change in symptoms…

…acute coronary syndromes. The LMCA supplies a large myocardial territory through the left anterior descending (LAD) and left circumflex (LCx) arteries (Figure 1). Acute obstruction…

…broader spectrum of acute coronary syndromes, which may present with recent changes in symptoms or signs, with or without ECG abnormalities and with or without…

…underlying process usually involves acute thrombotic obstruction of an epicardial coronary artery. A vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque and thrombogenic blood interact to initiate and extend thrombosis…

…CCS), peripheral artery disease (PAD), and acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Its principal therapeutic objective is reduction of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), the primary…

…or immediately after PCI. The clinical presentation depends on the extent of microvascular obstruction and the territory supplied by the treated vessel. Possible manifestations include…

…a clear indication and with full preparedness Moderate to severe aortic stenosis without symptoms Individual assessment Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with outflow tract obstruction Caution Tachyarrhythmia or…

…of injury Procedural injury may result from acute compromise of coronary flow. Mechanisms include: Coronary dissection with obstruction of the true lumen Occlusion of a…

…cirrhosis, and sickle cell disease. The classification also recognizes vasoreactivity subgroups among patients with idiopathic PAH, including acute responders and non responders. Left heart disease…

…in several sizes. An oronasal mask is first choice in the acute setting ; nasal masks and total face masks are alternatives in intolerance. A hydrocolloid…

…Other causes include acute mechanical complications—particularly ventricular septal defect (VSD) and papillary muscle rupture with acute severe mitral regurgitation—predominant right ventricular (RV) infarction…

Kardiologi Akutsjukvård Lathundar Overview Acute coronary syndrome comprises STEMI, NSTEMI and unstable angina. Management begins in parallel with the diagnostic work up. Obtain an interpretable…

…attack Acute severe attack Life threatening attack : : : : Speech Full sentences Cannot complete a sentence in one breath Single words or unable to speak Position and…

…CT of the brain Exclude intracerebral haemorrhage and assess early ischaemic changes CT angiography The standard investigation in acute stroke to identify large vessel occlusion…

…present, neurological examination, gait and truncal stability Acute balance syndrome Acute persistent unsteadiness or ataxia without clear spontaneous nystagmus Cerebellar or brainstem infarction, intoxication, Wernicke…

…in symptoms or clinical signs, with or without diagnostic electrocardiographic abnormalities and with or without an acute rise in cardiac troponin. The spectrum ranges from…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction ECG Posterior (posterolateral) acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) The heart is rotated 30° to the left in the thorax. This positions the…

…per day. Patches have no place in acute, unstable pain: the onset takes 12 to 24 hours and the offset just as long. Breakthrough dose…

…Williams classification (Table 1). Agents in bold text are commonly used to prevent or treat acute and subacute ventricular arrhythmias. The Singh Vaughan Williams classification…

Adapted from AHA, ACC and ESC guidelines.

…is often more rapidly reversible than that of other forms of acute tubular necrosis, although the complication remains associated with post procedural morbidity and mortality…

ECG Introduction The traditional classification of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) into ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non STEMI (NSTEMI), and unstable angina (UA) has…

…of the thrombus and the plaque. The patient will experience severe chest pain due to the abrupt reduction of coronary blood flow. Acute coronary syndromes…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Acute Myocardial Infarction: Definition & Criteria Acute myocardial infarction is the most severe complication of coronary artery disease. The most common…

…patients with unknown etiology for acute severe heart failure. A recent echocardiographic examination should be available or performed urgently to evaluate ventricular and valvular function…

…ACS Classification The clinical spectrum of Acute Coronary Syndromes encompasses Unstable Angina (UA), Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI), and ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI…

…and infarction ST segment elevation in acute myocardial ischemia ST segment elevations with straight (horizontal, upsloping, or downsloping) or convex ST segment strongly suggest acute…

…blood pressure without acute organ damage should as a rule not be lowered rapidly with intravenous drugs. Restart or optimise oral treatment and ensure follow…

…primary PCI is indicated in patients with symptoms suggestive of acute myocardial infarction and at least one of the following criteria present: haemodynamic instability or…

…haemodynamically unstable patients, evaluation must also consider acute severe mitral regurgitation, mechanical complications, and ischaemia related ventricular failure as potential causes of shock. Patients with…

…aspirin and an oral P2Y12 receptor inhibitor. It is central to the prevention of platelet mediated coronary thrombosis after acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and percutaneous…