…chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal insufficiency, systemic hypertension, and concomitant abdominal aortic aneurysm. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Acute chest and/or back pain is the…

…symptoms suggestive of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), biochemical evidence of myocardial injury with corroborating evidence of infarction caused by ischaemia, and no obstructive stenosis in…

…liver disease, especially when combined with diuretics (risk of fluid retention and impaired kidney function). Patients with bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hay fever…

…non acute or asymptomatic bradyarrhythmia. In patients presenting with intermittent symptoms of bradycardia, it is fundamental to establish a temporal correlation between the symptoms and…

…is titrated slowly. Caution in acute heart failure and in obstructive airways disease Verapamil or diltiazem When a beta blocker is contraindicated, for example in…

…failure without the possibility of monitoring. Paralytic ileus and suspected obstructive ileus (an opioid can be given for the pain, but the effect on the…

…prevention of atherothrombotic events in adult patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or a prior heart attack and a high risk of developing an atherothrombotic…

…after acute coronary syndromes in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). They are also recommended in patients within one year of MI and…

…obstructive. Atherosclerotic plaque accumulation in the epicardial arteries is a major pathological substrate, but ischaemia may also result from epicardial vasomotor abnormalities or structural and…

…no previous diagnosis of CAD, and a low clinical likelihood of obstructive disease when good image quality is expected. It is also an alternative to…