…disease or hypoxia, chronic thromboembolic obstruction, or a range of miscellaneous conditions. Because several mechanisms may coexist, diagnosis and classification must integrate haemodynamics with the…

…7.35 with raised pCO₂ Acute or acute on chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure Rapidly falling pH An urgent ventilatory problem Focal chest pain or unilaterally…

…7.35 and a PaCO₂ above 6.0 kPa despite optimal medical treatment with bronchodilators, steroids and controlled oxygen. Acute on chronic hypercapnic failure in…

…acute or chronic heart failure are often better categorised as myocardial injury. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Patients with Type 2 MI frequently present with acute…

… 2. Is the hyponatraemia acute or chronic? Severe symptoms require immediate treatment with hypertonic sodium chloride, whether the hyponatraemia is acute or chronic. The aim…

…cardiac arrests caused by chronic or acute ischemic heart disease, it is often not true in other circumstances (e.g. pulmonary embolism, trauma, respiratory causes…

…bradycardia may present with chronic or acute symptoms, ranging from chronic fatigue and exercise intolerance to sudden cardiac arrest. The most common acute symptoms are…

…Examples Acute coronary atherothrombosis Plaque disruption or erosion with thrombosis Reduced myocardial perfusion Coronary spasm, microvascular dysfunction, coronary embolism, coronary dissection, hypotension, shock, respiratory failure…

…acute pancreatitis, alkalosis due to hyperventilation, rhabdomyolysis (particularly the initial phase), sepsis, malignancies with osteoblastic metastases, diminished calcium absorption and/or enhanced calcium excretion, chronic…

…Contraindications Ongoing respiratory depression, or untreated severe respiratory failure without the possibility of monitoring. Paralytic ileus and suspected obstructive ileus (an opioid can be given…