Cardiology Respiratory medicine Definition and Pathophysiology Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a heterogeneous pathophysiological disorder characterized primarily by elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure. It may arise…

…airflow obstruction pH below 7.35 with raised pCO₂ Acute or acute on chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure Rapidly falling pH An urgent ventilatory problem Focal…

…7.35 and a PaCO₂ above 6.0 kPa despite optimal medical treatment with bronchodilators, steroids and controlled oxygen. Acute on chronic hypercapnic failure in…

…acute or chronic heart failure are often better categorised as myocardial injury. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Patients with Type 2 MI frequently present with acute…

…Glasgow Coma Scale below 8 Vomiting together with clear neurological impairment Respiratory failure or respiratory arrest Clinical signs of raised intracranial pressure or impending herniation…

…overdoses, etc.). Among victims in whom the cardiac arrest was caused by VT or VF (e.g acute or chronic myocardial ischemia, heart failure, etc.)…

…chronic fatigue and exercise intolerance to sudden cardiac arrest. The most common acute symptoms are dizziness (pre syncope), hypotension (chock), syncope, chest pain, heart failure…

…Examples Acute coronary atherothrombosis Plaque disruption or erosion with thrombosis Reduced myocardial perfusion Coronary spasm, microvascular dysfunction, coronary embolism, coronary dissection, hypotension, shock, respiratory failure…

…identification of its etiology, severity (Table 2), and temporal onset. Distinguishing between acute and chronic hyponatremia, based on the rapidity of onset, is of paramount…

…morphine Morphine has an active renally excreted metabolite that causes late sedation and respiratory depression Marked liver failure A reduced dose of all of them…