…vigorous intensity aerobic activity; or An equivalent combination of moderate and vigorous intensity activity. Muscle strengthening exercise should additionally be performed on at least 2…

…is attempted. Sudden cardiac death is defined as an unexpected death due to cardiac causes that occur within 1 hour of symptom onset. The person…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Sotalol is a nonselective beta adrenoceptor blocker devoid of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity that also prolongs cardiac repolarization…

…about 30 minutes of continuous convulsive activity, t2, the risk of permanent neuronal injury increases. Treatment must therefore start at 5 minutes and be escalated…

…crisis. Mechanism of action Phentolamine is a non selective alpha adrenergic blocker. Phentolamine reduces blood pressure while increasing catecholamine activity. Effects Primarily causes afterload reduction…

…organized, continuous atrial electrical activity. This activity most commonly presents as a characteristic saw tooth pattern at rates typically exceeding 200 beats per minute. While…

…Patients require individualized progression because new symptoms during exercise may signal an adverse clinical response. Recreational activity should therefore be increased at an appropriate intensity…

…For patients with a recurrent atherothrombotic event while receiving maximally tolerated statin therapy, an LDL C goal below 1.0 mmol/L (<40 mg/dL…

…rhythm is recorded by the EMS (emergency medical service) team upon their arrival at the scene. If an AED (automatic external defibrillator) has been connected…

…is managed following the cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) algorithm, incorporating an intravenous administration of 1 mg epinephrine. Predominant causes of anaphylactic cardiac arrest include food allergies…

…when an ectopic focus within the atria generates electrical impulses at a rate exceeding that of the sinoatrial (SA) node. This enhanced atrial activity is…

…spontaneous cardiac rhythm. The likelihood of achieving spontaneous cardiac activity is a function of the duration of circulatory standstill and the underlying cause, as elaborated…

…or three electrodes. At any given instant during the cardiac cycle, all ECG leads analyze the same electrical events but from different angles. This means…

…seizures, confusion, a change in behaviour, collapse or an acute neurological deficit. Hypoglycaemia can cause hemiparesis, aphasia and radiological changes resembling ischaemic stroke. Glucose measurement…

…adenosine, which can be given during the recording and unmask the atrial activity. The investigation is diagnostic, not therapeutic. An unstable patient should be cardioverted…

…only monitoring and preparedness. Asystole with no electrical activity at all — pacing has no documented benefit there. Transcutaneous pacing: burns or wounds in the area…

…failure. Mechanism of action Enalaprilat is the active metabolite (ester) of enalapril, an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Enalaprilat lowers blood pressure by inhibiting ACE…

…true bradyarrhythmic or asystolic arrest from other tachyarrhythmic events. On the surface electrocardiogram, sinus bradycardia may appear at rates of 40 to 48 beats per…

…pressure or other conventional risk factors. Colchicine is an established anti inflammatory drug that may inhibit inflammasome activity, reduce interleukin 1β and interleukin 6…

…via the autonomic nervous system. It attenuates carotid sinus baroreceptor activity and acts centrally and peripherally to enhance vagal tone. These sympatho inhibitory effects decrease…

…indirectly increasing cardiac output. At higher doses, vasoconstriction may occur, accompanied by decreased venous capacitance and an elevation in right atrial pressure. Levosimendan represents a…

…events and adverse renal outcomes in selected populations. Clinical presentation and symptoms SGLT2 inhibitors are preventive and disease modifying therapies rather than treatments directed at…

…event rates similar to those with placebo, whereas approximately 10% of patients in registries and routine clinical practice report muscle symptoms. This discrepancy reflects, at…

… however, endothelial dysfunction alone is not sufficient, and an additional trigger is required. Potential triggers include thrombus formation and sympathetic activation. Rho kinase may increase…

…the behavior of the pacemaker at low and high heart rate, the behavior of the pacemaker in the presence and absence of intrinsic cardiac activity…

…system. ETCO 2 is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) at the end of expiration. It provides an integrated view of ventilation , metabolism…

…finding in acute coronary syndromes). Between 3 8 minutes, pulseless electrical activity (PEA) develops. PEA progresses to asystole within minutes, as outlined in the studies…

…100% oxygen at the maximum flow rate . Hypoxia can precipitate cardiac arrest in septic patients; timely oxygenation can potentially prevent circulatory collapse. Initiate an intravenous…

…small to be detected by skin electrodes; the ECG presents the electrical activity of the atrial and ventricular myocardium. Automaticity of pacemaker cells The automaticity…

…electrons depolarize the myocardium and thus trigger an action potential that will spread through the myocardium. The electrodes are also used to record electrical activity…

…clarity, however, tachyarrhythmia is defined as an abnormal and rapid heart rate, whereas tachycardia is defined as the subjective perception of a rapid heart rate…

…mL are considered an overdose. However, arrhythmia may occur at plasma levels below 2 ng/mL and arrhythmias may not occur even at higher plasma…

…parameters that must be evaluated and the final result of the test depends on an integrated assessment of six components: Symptoms Exercise performance (functional capacity…

…myocardial ischemia during exercise. ECG changes are mentioned briefly (an in depth discussion on ECG changes is provided in the next article). Physiological effects of…

…minute = 0.1634 Watts). Protocols for clinical exercise testing generally include an initial warm up period (at a low workload), followed by a successive …

…increased demand using vasodilatory agents). A radiotracer is administered at peak stress to capture blood flow distribution under these conditions. If stress imaging results are…

…months to about 150 beats/min. It then gradually decreases to about 120 beats/min at 6 months of age. After 12 months of age…

…modern devices are capable of transmitting ECG tracings continuously to cloud based platforms, which enables the clinician to examine intracardiac ECGs at any time. However…

…and right bundle branch block (C). One large box equals 100 ms at paperspeed 25 mm/s. Figure 2 shows 12 lead ECGs demonstrating right…

…cause of pacemaker mediated tachycardia is endless loop tachycardia, which also depends on the ventricular stimulation being triggered by atrial activity. In endless loop tachycardia…

…vasodilators replicate the effects of exercise on coronary arteries, without the need for physical activity. Advantages of regadenoson over adenosine Regadenoson has advantages over adenosine…

…increases linearly at low coronary flow rates. However, as flow continues to rise, tracer uptake plateaus. This saturation effect can lead to an underestimation of…

…heart disease is angina pectoris developing during physical activity; myocardial oxygen demand increases during physical activity, but an atherosclerotic plaque may prevent oxygen supply from…

…ECG Sinus node dysfunction and sick sinus syndrome Sinus node dysfunction is an umbrella term for conditions that either affect the automaticity of the sinoatrial…

…of an increased rate of depolarization (i.e increased automaticity) in the sinoatrial node. This simply means that the sinoatrial node discharges electrical impulses at…

…cardioversion (ventricular tachycardia). Non shockable rhythm : Cardiac rhythm that cannot be defibrillated or cardioverted. These rhythms include pulse less electrical activity (PEA), asystole, and bradycardia…

…ventricles to have any electrical (and thus pumping) activity at all, an escape rhythm must arise in an ectopic focus (located distal to the block)…

Psykiatri Akutsjukvård Lathundar Rapid summary Alcohol withdrawal occurs after an abrupt reduction or cessation of prolonged and heavy alcohol intake. The condition can develop despite…

…failure. Mechanism of action Enalaprilat is the active metabolite (ester) of enalapril, an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Enalaprilat lowers blood pressure by inhibiting ACE…

…infarction Pharmacology & dosing Definition and therapeutic objectives Antianginal therapy in chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) is directed primarily at reducing myocardial ischaemia and relieving anginal symptoms…

…of an acute myocardial infarction during long term follow up. Moreover, several potentially high risk plaques may coexist within one coronary tree, and inflammatory activity…

…occur at a younger age, may not be fully captured by conventional risk scores and may be the first clinically important manifestation of an otherwise…

…or another form of physiological stress, but it may also occur at rest or remain clinically silent. The underlying coronary disease may be obstructive or…

…syncope—especially older individuals with BBB or intraventricular conduction defects—an electrophysiology study (EPS) may be helpful if ambulatory monitoring fails to capture an event…

…inhibitors and inducers. Clinical indications Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction Ivabradine is an adjunctive option for selected patients with symptomatic HFrEF. The guideline defined…

…Reduced activity may lead to progressive functional decline, sedentary behaviour and loss of independence. Identification of PAD also provides an opportunity to recognise atherosclerosis in…

…an acute tear causes haemopericardium, tamponade, and sudden: Loss of pulse. Loss of blood pressure. Loss of consciousness. Electromechanical dissociation or pulseless electrical activity despite…

…50 beats/min? A: Proceed directly to an exercise ECG test without repeating the resting ECG. B: Repeat the ECG after mild aerobic activity. C:…

…secondary prevention provides an important contrast. Patients with manifest clinical disease are at high risk of progression and generally require all appropriate evidence based measures…

…lower jaw, neck, or occipital region. It typically occurs at rest, lasts longer than ordinary angina, and does not reliably resolve when activity stops or