…channel blocker or digitalis, while awaiting the antidote and specific treatment. Bradyasystole during and after cardiac arrest with persisting electrical activity. Overdrive pacing in bradycardia…

…a specific high affinity site on the extracytoplasmic face of the alpha subunit of the Na+ K+ ATPase. This binding is entropically driven and preferentially…

…or pulseless electrical activity (PEA), presenting as cardiovascular collapse and cardiac arrest. Evaluation and Physical Examination The source material does not provide specific details regarding…

…obesity, smoking and other conventional risk factors, together with diabetes specific vascular and metabolic abnormalities. Diabetes is associated with inflammation, thrombosis and accelerated atherosclerosis. In…

…variations in heart rate are due to variations in the activity of the autonomic nervous system and changes in the automaticity of the sinoatrial node…

…with signal intensity comparable to background activity, typically representing infarcted tissue or non viable myocardium. Perfusion patterns and reversibility Perfusion patterns are systematically analyzed by…

…making arrhythmology a field of intense research activity. This is partly due to the rise of cardiac imaging and invasive electrophysiological methods which allow for…

…plaque. Upon such damage, the plaque exposes highly thrombogenic materials which activate circulating platelets and coagulation factors, which results in thrombus formation (Figure 1). Disruption…

…intestinal transit. Coffee ground vomiting is less specific than fresh haematemesis and can also be seen when the bleeding is slow or has stopped. The…

…Other common causes are cardiomyopathy (hypertrophic or dilated), arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, Brugada syndrome, early repolarization. Electrolyte disorders, acidosis, hypoxemia and ischemia all aggravate the…

…regardless of all other circumstances. The initial rhythm is an indicator of the underlying etiology, duration of cardiac arrest, quality of CPR, and a prognostic…

…that a traditional 12 lead ECG only presents a few seconds of myocardial electrical activity and there is a chance that ischemic episodes are missed…

…annihilate each other, producing two gamma photons emitted in opposite directions. PET scanners detect these gamma rays to construct images with high spatial and temporal…

…An ECG lead is a graphical description of the electrical activity of the heart and it is created by analyzing several electrodes. In other words…

…from each other. This condition is referred to as atrioventricular (AV) dissociation. Importantly, for the ventricles to have any electrical (and thus pumping) activity at…

…physical activity and any other precipitating factor. Thresholds The thresholds below are used above all in diabetes. The severity of the symptoms and the patient…

…pressure or other conventional risk factors. Colchicine is an established anti inflammatory drug that may inhibit inflammasome activity, reduce interleukin 1β and interleukin 6…

…activity may lead to progressive functional decline, sedentary behaviour and loss of independence. Identification of PAD also provides an opportunity to recognise atherosclerosis in other…

…activity. Patients with VA are generally younger than those with atherosclerotic non ST elevation acute coronary syndromes. Cigarette smoking is a prominent association, whereas other…

…minutes, pulseless electrical activity (PEA) develops. PEA progresses to asystole within minutes, as outlined in the studies by DeBehnke et al. and Safar et al…

…characterized by short, rapid bursts of atrial activity. In the majority of cases, the arrhythmia is self limiting; however, it may recur and, in some…

…fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and other tachyarrhythmias with discernible QRS complexes. Shockable rhythm : Tachyarrhythmias that can be treated with defibrillation (ventricular fibrillation) or cardioversion (ventricular tachycardia)…

…risk plaques may coexist within one coronary tree, and inflammatory activity may be widespread rather than confined to a single lesion. Plaque composition is heterogeneous…

…lower jaw, neck, or occipital region. It typically occurs at rest, lasts longer than ordinary angina, and does not reliably resolve when activity stops or

…to one half of cases. Reported precipitants include vigorous physical activity, emotional stress, and an intercurrent medical or surgical illness. Events may occur at any…

…minimum energy needed to activate myocardium (a safety margin is often used). Most pacemakers perform such calibrations several times daily, and they include a backup…

…of cardiovascular mortality in general. This is not surprising given the adverse effects of long periods of tachycardia and desynchronized atrial and ventricular activity. Fortunately…

…sole determinant for terminating CPR or initiating ECMO ( Paiva et al ). If both ETCO 2 and other indicators suggest ROSC, compressions may be temporarily paused.

…tachyarrhythmia. Except for sinus tachycardia during physical activity, all tachycardias should be considered pathological and the task is to clarify the cause of the tachycardia…

…Figure 3. Spontaneous atrial activity is sensed by the atrial lead and triggers ventricular stimulations. The QRS complex is wide due to ventricular depolarization proceeding…

…are as follows: Normal (physiologic) sinus tachycardia: The automaticity (rate of spontaneous depolarization) in the sinoatrial node is increased during physical activity, stress, and nervousness…

…GABA mediated inhibition and increased glutamatergic activity. When the alcohol level suddenly falls, the compensatory excitation remains, producing tremor, sympathetic activation, hallucinations, seizures and delirium …

…exertion, it does not usually subside with cessation of activity, distinguishing it from angina pectoris. The location of the pain beneath the xiphoid and epigastrium…

…any other activity causing adrenergic stimulation, increase the risk of syncope, ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac arrest. ARVC can cause ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation and…

…result, pupils often dilate widely within 30–120 seconds of cardiac arrest and light reactivity is lost when cerebral blood flow ceases. In other words…

…arrest. Within the context of pregnancy, hypovolemia and other etiologies of hypotension remain the predominant causes of cardiac arrest. Should cardiac arrest occur postpartum, hemorrhage…

…node Flecainide has no effect on the activity in the SA node. Propafenone may decrease automaticity in the SA node and thereby lower heart rate…

…cases, the likelihood of ROSC is higher as compared to other etiologies and presentations. Asystole and pulseless electrical activity (PEA) often have other etiologists, but…

…Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) migrate from the tunica media into the intima, driven by platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and other cytokines. Within the intima…

…anywhere) or triggered activity (anywhere) may all cause ventricular arrhythmias. Indeed, any cell type in the ventricles may cause ventricular arrhythmias. Definitions and ECG criteria…

…increased/abnormal automaticity, re entry or triggered activity. All types of myocardial cells may be engaged in initiation and maintenance of this arrhythmia. As mentioned…

…belongs to atrial activity. The second vector: the ventricular (interventricular) septum The ventricular septum receives Purkinje fibers from the left bundle branch and therefore depolarization…

…symptoms having all of the traditional aggravating and relieving characteristics of angina; many patients report less characteristic symptoms, while others present primarily with exertional dyspnoea…

…6. Assess the indication for antibiotics on the basis of sputum purulence, the other cardinal symptoms and the severity of the illness. 7. Start NIV…

…Activate the stroke call. 2. Establish the time of symptom onset or the time last known to be well. 3. Assess airway, breathing and circulation…

…until pressure necrosis and perforation occur. If you find one magnet, actively look for another , in the other nostril, in the ears and in the…

…Assessment Before Prescription Physical activity should be assessed and prescribed using the components of: Frequency Intensity Time or duration Type Progression The prescription should be…

…d and l isomers, which share similar efficacy in prolonging repolarization. However, the l isomer is responsible for virtually all of the beta blocking activity…

…minutes of continuous convulsive activity, t2, the risk of permanent neuronal injury increases. Treatment must therefore start at 5 minutes and be escalated without unnecessary…

…crisis. Mechanism of action Phentolamine is a non selective alpha adrenergic blocker. Phentolamine reduces blood pressure while increasing catecholamine activity. Effects Primarily causes afterload reduction…

…and Pathophysiology Atrial flutter is defined by a macroreentrant atrial circuit, which manifests on the electrocardiogram (ECG) as organized, continuous atrial electrical activity. This activity…

…beyond exercise training to incorporate individualized physical activity counselling, risk factor modification, nutritional care, education, psychosocial support, vocational guidance, medical surveillance, and appropriate pharmacological treatment…

…circumstances specified by the guideline. PCSK9 inhibitors are also relevant in statin intolerant patients who remain above goal despite alternative lipid lowering therapy. Evolocumab and…

…insect stings, and drug induced reactions. Approximately 90% of anaphylactic cardiac arrests present with pulseless electrical activity (PEA) as the initial rhythm, while the remainder…

…spontaneous cardiac rhythm. The likelihood of achieving spontaneous cardiac activity is a function of the duration of circulatory standstill and the underlying cause, as elaborated…

…arrhythmia unit. Assessment of the effect of adenosine, which can be given during the recording and unmask the atrial activity. The investigation is diagnostic, not…

…depends on plasma volume and plasma renin activity. Volume depletion and high plasma renin activity increase the effect of enalaprilat, and may cause severe hypotension…

…However, it establishes that the clinical evaluation must identify specific hemodynamic profiles: the presence of hypotension, end organ hypoperfusion, shock states, and pulmonary congestion. In…

…body weight and haemoglobin A1c Increased uricosuria, with plasma uric acid reduction of approximately 10% to 15% Possible effects on erythropoietin activity and erythropoiesis SGLT2…

…100 containing lipoproteins and exert effects beyond LDL C reduction, including modulation of inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial function, plaque stability, thrombogenic responses and immune activity…