…Indications Hypertensive crisis. Mechanism of action Phentolamine is a non selective alpha adrenergic blocker. Phentolamine reduces blood pressure while increasing catecholamine activity. Effects Primarily causes…

…compressions and defibrillation are paramount in restoring cardiac electrical activity, hence rhythm and contractility. Yet, in a significant number of cases, the rhythm is non…

…and Pathophysiology Atrial flutter is defined by a macroreentrant atrial circuit, which manifests on the electrocardiogram (ECG) as organized, continuous atrial electrical activity. This activity…

…exertion, it does not usually subside with cessation of activity, distinguishing it from angina pectoris. The location of the pain beneath the xiphoid and epigastrium…

…muscle sensitivity to calcium by inhibiting myosin phosphatase activity. Patients with VA are generally younger than those with atherosclerotic non ST elevation acute coronary syndromes…

…asystole. The tachyarrhythmias include ventricular fibrillation (VF) and pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT). The bradyarrhythmias include all bradyarrhythmias, pulse less electrical activity (PEA), and asystole. Bradyarrhythmias…

…tachycardia). Non shockable rhythm : Cardiac rhythm that cannot be defibrillated or cardioverted. These rhythms include pulse less electrical activity (PEA), asystole, and bradycardia. No Flow…

…angina, angina or ischaemia with non obstructive coronary arteries (ANOCA/INOCA), post ACS or post revascularization states, and heart failure of ischaemic or cardiometabolic origin…

…Consequently, the decision to prescribe colchicine requires attention to the balance between reduction in ischaemic events and possible infectious or other non cardiovascular adverse outcomes…

…sinus baroreceptor activity and acts centrally and peripherally to enhance vagal tone. These sympatho inhibitory effects decrease serum norepinephrine levels, plasma renin levels, and potentially…

…or pulseless electrical activity (PEA). Evaluation and Physical Examination The source material does not provide specific details regarding the physical examination maneuvers for patients with…

…large epidemiological analysis, mechanical complications occurred in approximately 0.27% of STEMI cases and 0.06% of non ST elevation myocardial infarction cases. Despite their…

…of cardiovascular risk factors themselves, and from secondary prevention, which addresses patients with established disease to reduce recurrent events and mortality. Risk factor modification is…

…ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac arrest at any age. Palpitations, syncope or cardiac arrest–particularly during physical activity–in a young adult with T wave…

…of cardiovascular mortality in general. This is not surprising given the adverse effects of long periods of tachycardia and desynchronized atrial and ventricular activity. Fortunately…

…minutes, pulseless electrical activity (PEA) develops. PEA progresses to asystole within minutes, as outlined in the studies by DeBehnke et al. and Safar et al…

…DW, Wickman LL, Swart GL. The hemodynamic and arterial blood gas response to asphyxiation: a canine model of pulseless electrical activity. Resuscitation 1995;30:16975…

…DW, Wickman LL, Swart GL. The hemodynamic and arterial blood gas response to asphyxiation: a canine model of pulseless electrical activity. Resuscitation 1995; 30:16975…

…with signal intensity comparable to background activity, typically representing infarcted tissue or non viable myocardium. Perfusion patterns and reversibility Perfusion patterns are systematically analyzed by…

…rest and stress images (Sogbein et al.). Roll off phenomenon The roll off phenomenon in myocardial perfusion imaging, illustrated in Figure X, highlights the non…

…chronic fatigue. Non dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers may also be used, although hypotension may limit dosing and evidence for their efficacy is limited. Ivabradine alone…

…of cases. Reported precipitants include vigorous physical activity, emotional stress, and an intercurrent medical or surgical illness. Events may occur at any time, although clustering…

…DW, Wickman LL, Swart GL. The hemodynamic and arterial blood gas response to asphyxiation: a canine model of pulseless electrical activity. Resuscitation 1995; 30:16975…

…DW, Wickman LL, Swart GL. The hemodynamic and arterial blood gas response to asphyxiation: a canine model of pulseless electrical activity. Resuscitation 1995;30:16975…

…DW, Wickman LL, Swart GL. The hemodynamic and arterial blood gas response to asphyxiation: a canine model of pulseless electrical activity. Resuscitation 1995; 30:16975…

…that a traditional 12 lead ECG only presents a few seconds of myocardial electrical activity and there is a chance that ischemic episodes are missed…

…left ventricular function. Persistent or non persistent ventricular tachycardia or frequent premature ventricular contractions that cause pronounced symptoms and other therapies have failed. Patients with…

…flowing blood. While atherosclerosis progresses indolently and non linearly, often remaining asymptomatic for decades, it sets the anatomical and biochemical stage for sudden, life threatening…

…with non shockable rhythm or with prolonged periods of VF (fine VF resistant to defibrillations), the purpose of CPR is to induce myocardial electrical activity…

…in some units with a non shockable rhythm; this is the clearest area in which Swedish practice differs between hospitals , and the local care programme…

…Activate the stroke call. 2. Establish the time of symptom onset or the time last known to be well. 3. Assess airway, breathing and circulation…

…are introduced, although the effect on 24 hour mortality is uncertain and the evidence for non traumatic bleeding is weaker [2,3,4]. Do the…

…angiodysplasia, malignancy and an aortoenteric fistula. Variceal bleeding generally has a higher early mortality than non variceal bleeding [1,2]. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding can present…

…with variable inflammation and oxidative stress. Metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease affects approximately 10% of non obese individuals and up to 65% of patients…

…constant PR interval. Third degree AV block: all atrial impulses are blocked in the AV conduction system and therefore cannot activate the ventricles. An escape…

…α1 stimulation and thereby vasoconstriction with a marked rise in SVR. As for the intermediate dose, together with marked hypertension (caution during non selective beta…

…Assessment Before Prescription Physical activity should be assessed and prescribed using the components of: Frequency Intensity Time or duration Type Progression The prescription should be…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Ventricular fibrillation, pulseless electrical activity (PEA) and sudden cardiac arrest This chapter will focus on ventricular fibrillation and pulseless electrical activity…

…d and l isomers, which share similar efficacy in prolonging repolarization. However, the l isomer is responsible for virtually all of the beta blocking activity…

…minutes of continuous convulsive activity, t2, the risk of permanent neuronal injury increases. Treatment must therefore start at 5 minutes and be escalated without unnecessary…

…beyond exercise training to incorporate individualized physical activity counselling, risk factor modification, nutritional care, education, psychosocial support, vocational guidance, medical surveillance, and appropriate pharmacological treatment…

…peripheral arterial disease, addition to statins further reduces major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and major adverse limb events (MALE), and improves walking distance. The role…

…insect stings, and drug induced reactions. Approximately 90% of anaphylactic cardiac arrests present with pulseless electrical activity (PEA) as the initial rhythm, while the remainder…

…characterized by short, rapid bursts of atrial activity. In the majority of cases, the arrhythmia is self limiting; however, it may recur and, in some…

…the skin and enables the recording of electrical currents. An ECG lead is a graphical description of the electrical activity of the heart and it…

…physical activity and any other precipitating factor. Thresholds The thresholds below are used above all in diabetes. The severity of the symptoms and the patient…

…arrhythmia unit. Assessment of the effect of adenosine, which can be given during the recording and unmask the atrial activity. The investigation is diagnostic, not…

…channel blocker or digitalis, while awaiting the antidote and specific treatment. Bradyasystole during and after cardiac arrest with persisting electrical activity. Overdrive pacing in bradycardia…

…depends on plasma volume and plasma renin activity. Volume depletion and high plasma renin activity increase the effect of enalaprilat, and may cause severe hypotension…

…broadly, bradyarrhythmic arrest and asystole represent severe manifestations of impulse generation or conduction failure. The pathophysiology of these events may stem from reversible causes, including…

…vasodilation. Although primarily defined by these mechanisms, levosimendan also exhibits some type 3 phosphodiesterase inhibitor (PDEI) activity, which may contribute to its inotropic profile. The…

…body weight and haemoglobin A1c Increased uricosuria, with plasma uric acid reduction of approximately 10% to 15% Possible effects on erythropoietin activity and erythropoiesis SGLT2…

…100 containing lipoproteins and exert effects beyond LDL C reduction, including modulation of inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial function, plaque stability, thrombogenic responses and immune activity…

…ventricular activity (QRS) should result in pacing in the ventricles. To sense correctly, the pacemaker must detect near field depolarization currents (P or QRS), and…

…sum of ventilation, metabolic activity, and perfusion. Increased aerobic metabolism, perfusion, and ventilation result in a higher end tidal carbon dioxide level. Continuous ETCO 2…

…small to be detected by skin electrodes; the ECG presents the electrical activity of the atrial and ventricular myocardium. Automaticity of pacemaker cells The automaticity…

…The battery is used to deliver pacing pulses, sensing (analyzing electrical activity in the heart) and store electrocardiograms. The pacemaker is powered by a lithium…

…tachyarrhythmia. Except for sinus tachycardia during physical activity, all tachycardias should be considered pathological and the task is to clarify the cause of the tachycardia…

…increased Vagus nerve activity caused by digoxin. Increased Vagus activity diminishes the automaticity in the sinoatrial node (which lowers heart rate) and also slows conduction…

…physical activity. It is based on the subjective physical sensations experienced during exercise, including increased heart rate, increased respiratory rate and depth, increased sweating, and…