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Metabolic Syndrome: Definition and Clinical Significance

…fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, serum viscosity, asymmetric dimethylarginine, homocysteine, white blood cell count, proinflammatory cytokines and C reactive protein. Increased urinary albumin/creatinine ratio…

Bempedoic Acid: Evidence and Clinical Use

…LDL C, non high density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B and high sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP). Bempedoic acid also activates adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase…

Cardiac electrophysiology and ECG interpretation

…will activate downstream (provided they are excitable). The connections between the cells are termed intercalated discs . The intercalated disc is composed of cell membrane proteins…

SGLT2 Inhibitors for Cardiovascular and Renal Protection

…effects on erythropoietin activity and erythropoiesis SGLT2 inhibition may also activate adenosine 5′ monophosphate activated protein kinase and inhibit mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1…

Adenosine: Administration Technique, Dose Escalation and Precautions

…G protein coupled A1 receptors located on the extracellular surface of cardiac cells. Through the guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins Gi and Go, adenosine activates potassium…

Diagnostic Criteria for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Cardiac troponins, ECG & Symptoms

…becomes ischemic. Ultimately this results in myocardial necrosis (death of myocytes) which can be detected by elevated levels of cardiac proteins in the blood. Diagnostic…

Gastric lavage and activated charcoal

…gone from routine to exception. Activated charcoal — in Sweden usually called medicinal charcoal — is the first line measure in decontamination, and gastric lavage is today…

Ivabradine: Indications, Dosing and Heart-Rate Targets

…sinoatrial node pacemaker cells. This current is a mixed inward Na⁺/K⁺ current activated by hyperpolarisation and contributes to spontaneous diastolic depolarisation. By inhibiting the…

Laryngeal mask and difficult airway

…fibreoptically assisted intubation in a known difficult airway. The difficult airway algorithm is activated in unexpectedly difficult laryngoscopy, difficult bag mask ventilation or failed intubation…

Atrial Flutter: Mechanisms, ECG Recognition and Management

…and ascends in a caudocranial direction along the interatrial septum. The left atrium is activated passively. The upper boundary of this circuit may be located…

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