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Gastric lavage and activated charcoal

…gone from routine to exception. Activated charcoal — in Sweden usually called medicinal charcoal — is the first line measure in decontamination, and gastric lavage is today…

Bempedoic Acid: Evidence and Clinical Use

…and high sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP). Bempedoic acid also activates adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase, which regulates substrates involved in lipid metabolism and inflammatory…

Ivabradine: Indications, Dosing and Heart-Rate Targets

…sinoatrial node pacemaker cells. This current is a mixed inward Na⁺/K⁺ current activated by hyperpolarisation and contributes to spontaneous diastolic depolarisation. By inhibiting the…

Cardiac electrophysiology and ECG interpretation

…mechanism. Sequential activation implies that the atria are activated first and they fill the ventricles with adequate volumes of blood before ventricular contraction commences. To…

Laryngeal mask and difficult airway

…fibreoptically assisted intubation in a known difficult airway. The difficult airway algorithm is activated in unexpectedly difficult laryngoscopy, difficult bag mask ventilation or failed intubation…

Atrial Flutter: Mechanisms, ECG Recognition and Management

…and ascends in a caudocranial direction along the interatrial septum. The left atrium is activated passively. The upper boundary of this circuit may be located…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock

…exposes thrombogenic material to circulating blood. Platelets adhere, become activated, and aggregate through glycoprotein IIb/IIIa mediated fibrinogen bridging. Tissue factor activation stimulates the coagulation…

Capnography (end-tidal carbon dioxide measurement, ETCO2) during cardiac arrest

…circulation (ROSC). Prognostication. Potential reasons for a flat ETCO2 curve include: Ventilator or capnograph not activated. Displacement of the tracheal tube. Cardiac arrest without adequate…

Introduction to Cardiac Pacing and Devices: Pacemaker, ICD, CRT

…the more efficient the pumping mechanism. Sequential activation means that the atria activate first, filling the ventricles with adequate volumes of blood before the ventricles…

Junctional rhythm (escape rhythm) and junctional tachycardia

…referred to as junctional beats and junctional rhythms. The atria will be activated in the opposite direction, which is why the P wave will be…

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