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Relaxation of the left ventricle

…the pressure in the aorta. The greater the pressure in the aorta, the greater the load on individual muscle fibers. Also, the load on individual…

Atherosclerosis: Pathogenesis from Fatty Streak to Plaque Rupture

…participate in a sustained inflammatory response. Lipid accumulation, oxidative stress and immune activation progressively alter the local vascular environment. The extracellular matrix is an active…

Introduction to Coronary Artery Disease (Ischemic Heart Disease)

…excited, it is accompanied with a sensation, which threatens instant death if the motion is persisted in; and, that on stopping, the distress immediately abates…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI): Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

… rather, it is the biological composition and inflammatory activity of the plaque that dictate clinical risk [8] . Plaques The architecture and composition of the atherosclerotic…

Cardiac electrophysiology and ECG interpretation

…which spreads through the myocardium like a wavefront in water. Specific ion channels located on the cell membranes open and close during de and repolarization…

Diagnostic Criteria for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Cardiac troponins, ECG & Symptoms

…Upon such damage, the plaque exposes highly thrombogenic materials which activate circulating platelets and coagulation factors, which results in thrombus formation (Figure 1). Disruption of…

Acute stroke and thrombolysis: quick reference

…be considered. The doses and Swedish thresholds below are based on the national guideline for the management of reperfusion treatment in ischaemic stroke, Nationell arbetsgrupp…

Massive haemorrhage and transfusion: quick reference

…Proceed in parallel to definitive control of the bleeding. Activate the protocol in Activation must be based on an overall assessment, not on a single…

Sepsis and septic shock: quick reference for the first hour

…a new oxygen requirement, a saturation below 93 per cent on air, or a falling PaO2 Circulation A systolic blood pressure of 100 mmHg or…

Metabolic Syndrome: Definition and Clinical Significance

…regulation. Diagnosis is based on the coexistence of defined clinical and laboratory components; the diagnostic criteria themselves are not reproduced in the available source material…

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