Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology No reflow is impaired anterograde myocardial perfusion despite the absence of a flow limiting epicardial coronary stenosis. It…

…infarction HINTS in continuous vertigo HINTS is not a test for BPPV. It is used in the acute vestibular syndrome — continuous vertigo with spontaneous nystagmus…

…management is different. Takotsubo syndrome and myocarditis should not be classified as MINOCA when they are established as the explanation for the presentation. Clinical presentation…

…sign of brain death. However, the absence of pupillary light reflex immediately post cardiac arrest is more equivocal. Various pharmaceutical agents, including epinephrine—administered to…

…in loss of consciousness, cessation of breathing, and absence of a palpable pulse. Ventricular contraction has ceased or unable to generate perfusion. SCD (sudden cardiac…

…body reaching the stroma or deeper. The absence of a slit lamp — the cornea should not be instrumented without magnification. With a suspected chemical injury…

…or equal to 1 mm These criteria for the other leads apply in the absence of left ventricular hypertrophy or left bundle branch block [8…

…widespread acceptance was delayed, partly due to autopsy studies demonstrating an absence of coronary thrombi in a significant proportion of deceased patients. Historically referred to…

…precisely, FFR compares the pressure driving flow distal to a stenosis with the pressure that would be available in the absence of that stenosis. The…

…although its absence does not exclude ischemic cardiomyopathy Symptoms related to recurrent ischemia Symptoms associated with ventricular arrhythmias The prognosis is especially unfavorable when ischemic…

…pain perception in patients without demonstrable ischaemia. The absence of obstructive disease therefore does not establish a benign diagnosis. ANOCA/INOCA is associated with recurrent…

…The defining electrocardiographic feature is the absence of persistent ST segment elevation. This does not imply low risk: patients with NSTE ACS may have substantial…

…or diffuse disease. No reflow represents impaired antegrade myocardial perfusion in the absence of a flow limiting epicardial stenosis. It is associated particularly with intervention…

…include: Older age. Female sex. Hypertension. Absence of an adequate collateral circulation. A first or anterior infarction. Single vessel disease without collateral support. Chronic kidney…

…Occlusion Myocardial Infarction (OMI) versus Non Occlusion Myocardial Infarction (NOMI). This method focuses on the presence or absence of ACO, rather than rigid ECG thresholds…

…at low and high heart rate, the behavior of the pacemaker in the presence and absence of intrinsic cardiac activity, Modern pacemakers are packed with…

…where asymmetric lung sounds are noted, specifically with an absence of sounds on the affected side. Ultrasonography can reveal pneumothorax (highlighted by a lack of…

…metabolism. This is possible because cardiac myocytes store glycogen (a storage form of glucose) which can be used to produce ATP in absence of oxygen…

…for pathological R wave progression is considerably lower than pathological Q waves and guidelines do not state any ECG criteria specific to R wave progression…

…during the examination. Work related musculoskeletal disorders are a common cause of pain and sickness absence for ultrasound practitioners (Harrison et al). When performing emergency…

…addressing reversible etiologies takes precedence over chest compressions. If trauma is not definitively established as the cause of cardiac arrest, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should be…

…Blood sampling must not delay reperfusion. 5. Give aspirin if acute coronary syndrome is likely and aortic dissection or active major bleeding is not suspected…

…in approximately 10 to 20 percent of anaphylactic reactions. The absence of urticaria must therefore not be used to exclude the diagnosis [1]. Isolated urticaria…

…leg raising with an increase in stroke volume 10%, or inferior vena cava variability . In the absence of responsiveness, fluid does more harm than good.

…L (women 10–150) An acute phase protein — a normal ferritin does not exclude iron deficiency in the presence of inflammation Transferrin saturation 15–50 %…

…The aim is to relieve the cerebral oedema quickly, not to normalise the plasma sodium. Chronic or minimally symptomatic hyponatraemia must be corrected in a…

…risk categories. A significant shortcoming of the HCM Risk SCD Score is the absence of magnetic resonance imaging parameters (extent of myocardial fibrosis). Risk stratification…

…infarction. IIa B Routine blood sampling for serum markers is indicated as soon as possible in the acute phase but should not delay reperfusion treatment…

…cardiac surgery: atrial fibrillation ≤3 days duration. Vernakalant does not convert atrial flutter to sinus rhythm. Vernakalant is only administered in a monitored clinical setting…

…pulsatile, expansile mass, although absence of a palpable abnormality does not exclude AAA. Plain abdominal radiography has limited sensitivity. A calcified aneurysmal outline may be…

…Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The source material does not provide specific information on the clinical presentation and symptoms of the underlying conditions for which ACE…

…soon as possible in the absence of contraindications, using a loading dose followed by maintenance treatment. The source material does not specify the loading dose…

…or absent heart sounds The triad suggests severe tamponade, but its absence does not exclude the diagnosis. Pulsus Paradoxus Pulsus paradoxus is an inspiratory dec

…or cold exposure. The absence of chest pain does not exclude clinically important CCS. Silent or minimally symptomatic disease may occur in patients with diabetes…

…syndrome and by determining the LVEF. Physical signs may be absent, particularly in early disease and in optimally treated patients; their absence therefore does not…

…have not demonstrated reductions in mortality or myocardial infarction rates. Clinical presentation and symptoms The clinical presentation is determined primarily by the ACS syndrome and…

…are: Not associated with ischaemia Associated with episodic ischaemia Associated with obligatory ischaemia Anomalies may involve the coronary ostium, origin, termination, congenital absence or hypoplasia…

…absence of cardiac dysfunction, these conditions do not fulfil the definition of heart failure. They may, however, coexist with heart failure and aggravate the syndrome…

…spasm. The absence of obstructive CAD on ICA should therefore not automatically be interpreted as evidence that the patient’s symptoms are non cardiac. In…

…3] Absence of Q waves in I, V5, and V6 [3] ST T Waves Usually opposite in direction to the QRS complex [3] Not explicitly…

…should be available within the recommended interval before elective surgery. In the absence of malfunction, a pacemaker should have been checked within the preceding 12…

…reported in up to approximately one third of patients. Its absence therefore does not exclude the diagnosis. Findings suggesting pericardial effusion A large effusion may…

…injury. Eclampsia is the occurrence of new onset seizures or coma in a pregnant woman with preeclampsia. HELLP syndrome—haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes or transaminases…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and pathophysiology Primary aldosteronism (PA), also termed primary hyperaldosteronism or Conn syndrome, comprises disorders in which aldosterone secretion is inappropriately increased…

…used in therapeutic studies of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The threshold is not absolute: patient phenotype, risk factors for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction…

…ECG finding' and considered a normal variant in asymptomatic athletes with no significant family history, not requiring further evaluation. Mobitz Type II 2nd AV block…

…Experimental angiogenic or regenerative strategies. The syndrome is clinically important not only because of persistent symptoms, but also because quality of life is often poor…

…of an occluded infarct related artery is not recommended when presentation is more than 48 hours after symptom onset in the absence of persistent symptoms…

…Consequently, the absence of AF during intermittent monitoring is not sufficient evidence that thromboembolic risk is low. In the setting of acute coronary syndrome, AF…

…3 MI. A diagnosis of MI should not be made solely from an abnormal cTn concentration in the absence of evidence of ischaemia. Classification of…

…syndrome, with exertional angina and ST segment depression related to fixed disease, together with rest angina and ST segment elevation caused by spasm. The absence…

…2 AV block, third degree AV block). Sick sinus syndrome or symptomatic bradycardia in the absence of a pacemaker. Hypersensitivity to adenosine. Administration Normal route…

…2] . This change reflects robust evidence that female sex alone, in the absence of other comorbidities, does not significantly increase stroke risk. Conversely, the 2023…

…the highest risk of experiencing malign ventricular arrhythmias. Brugada syndrome is hereditary with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, meaning that only one mutated gene is…

…82.4° F), while temperatures below 24° C (75.2° F) are not compatible with signs of life (Frei et al.). When hypothermia precedes cardiac…

…are based on conventional 12 lead ECG. Established ECG criteria do not apply to mathematicallyderived 12 lead ECGs (e.g EASI, Frank's leads etc)…

…However, digoxin is still used in patients who do not achieve satisfactory effects using first line therapies. Digoxin is also used frequently in the emergency…

…is currently the most common indication for heart transplantation. Echocardiography can not distinguish different types of dilated cardiomyopathy. Other causes of ventricular dilation ( e.g…

…or sudden cardiac arrest is referred to as early repolarization syndrome . Early repolarization pattern may actually not be due to early repolarization The term "early…

…varies with respiration. Lead III may also display small Q waves (not related to respiration) in individuals with electrical axis 30° to 0°. QS complex…