…the absence of a major residual epicardial obstruction. No reflow is associated with serious short and long term outcomes. Its occurrence is associated with an…

…is not a test for BPPV. It is used in the acute vestibular syndrome — continuous vertigo with spontaneous nystagmus, nausea and difficulty walking that has…

…Coronary mechanisms Coronary mechanisms include: Plaque rupture or plaque erosion with thrombosis, despite the absence of an angiographically obstructive lesion Coronary embolism or thrombus Epicardial…

…department arrival) and the neurological status assessed at 30 days was evaluated. The findings were as follows: The absence of a pupillary reflex demonstrated a…

…Sudden and unexpected cardiac arrest with loss of mechanical cardiac function. Results in loss of consciousness, cessation of breathing, and absence of a palpable pulse…

…The absence of a slit lamp — the cornea should not be instrumented without magnification. With a suspected chemical injury the priorities are reversed: irrigate first…

…or equal to 1 mm These criteria for the other leads apply in the absence of left ventricular hypertrophy or left bundle branch block [8…

…the past century. Initial post mortem observations in the late 19th century first linked thrombotic occlusion of a coronary artery with myocardial necrosis. Although early…

…precisely, FFR compares the pressure driving flow distal to a stenosis with the pressure that would be available in the absence of that stenosis. The…

…produce post ischemic stunning. In the absence of infarction, contractile recovery can occur rapidly after reperfusion, with recovery generally occurring within one week. By contrast…

…without demonstrable ischaemia. The absence of obstructive disease therefore does not establish a benign diagnosis. ANOCA/INOCA is associated with recurrent symptoms, impaired quality of…

…The defining electrocardiographic feature is the absence of persistent ST segment elevation. This does not imply low risk: patients with NSTE ACS may have substantial…

…represents impaired antegrade myocardial perfusion in the absence of a flow limiting epicardial stenosis. It is associated particularly with intervention on degenerated saphenous vein grafts…

…tear commonly develops at the interface between infarcted and viable myocardium. The incidence has fallen substantially with contemporary reperfusion, particularly primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)…

…reperfusion therapy. This approach fails to identify a substantial proportion of patients with acute coronary occlusion (ACO) who present without diagnostic ST elevation, often resulting…

…rate, the behavior of the pacemaker in the presence and absence of intrinsic cardiac activity, Modern pacemakers are packed with algorithms that optimize the function…

…where asymmetric lung sounds are noted, specifically with an absence of sounds on the affected side. Ultrasonography can reveal pneumothorax (highlighted by a lack of…

…Table 1: Myocardial and ECG reaction in various settings with ischemia or increased workload STATUS OF CORONARY ARTERY SETTING EFFECT ECG REACTION Normal coronary artery…

…The absence of fragmented QRS has a high negative predictive value (93%) for myocardial infarction. Moreover, fragmented QRS is associated with an increased risk of…

…examinations In small children, it is possible to perform the entire transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) with the child in the supine position. This is possible due…

…concealed internally, account for approximately half of all traumatic cardiac arrests. In the absence of evident hemorrhage, potential etiologies to consider include tension pneumothorax, traumatic…

Kardiologi Akutsjukvård Lathundar Overview Acute coronary syndrome comprises STEMI, NSTEMI and unstable angina. Management begins in parallel with the diagnostic work up. Obtain an interpretable…

…adrenaline never replace intramuscular adrenaline [1,2]. Delayed administration of adrenaline is associated with more severe and more protracted reactions, biphasic courses and fatal outcome…

…without spontaneous breathing, passive leg raising with an increase in stroke volume 10%, or inferior vena cava variability . In the absence of responsiveness, fluid does…

…a large change in TSH. During acute illness the TSH can be falsely low or high in the absence of thyroid disease; repeat it once…

… 2. Is the hyponatraemia acute or chronic? Severe symptoms require immediate treatment with hypertonic sodium chloride, whether the hyponatraemia is acute or chronic. The aim…

…cardiac death (SCD) in young individuals and during exercise. The risk of ventricular arrhythmias correlates with the degree of hypertrophy, the extent of ventricular fibrosis…

…I A In the absence of ST segment elevation, primary PCI is indicated in patients with symptoms suggestive of acute myocardial infarction and at least…

…a precaution. Dosage of vernakalant Vernakalant is dosed by body weight, with the maximum dose based upon 113 kg. Normal dilution: 4 mg/ml. Recommended…

…and requires emergency operation or endovascular repair. AAA may also be associated with mesenteric ischemia or acute renal failure, either through atherosclerotic or atherothrombotic disease…

…Abrupt withdrawal of treatment with an ACE inhibitor may lead to clinical deterioration and should be avoided in the absence of life threatening complications (e…

…aspirin is also preferred in patients with intracoronary stents. In acute ACS, aspirin should be administered as soon as possible in the absence of contraindications…

…medicine Procedurer Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiac tamponade is a life threatening clinical syndrome in which increased intrapericardial pressure compresses the heart and impairs ventricular filling…

…to an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Clinical manifestations may therefore change over time, including transitions between stable angina, angina or ischaemia with non obstructive coronary…

…Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Heart failure is a clinical syndrome in which the heart cannot provide blood flow commensurate with the body’s requirements…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology In acute coronary syndrome (ACS) with multivessel coronary artery disease (MVD), revascularization may be directed exclusively at the…

…termination, congenital absence or hypoplasia. Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery from the opposite sinus of Valsalva is associated with increased sudden death risk…

…absence of cardiac dysfunction, these conditions do not fulfil the definition of heart failure. They may, however, coexist with heart failure and aggravate the syndrome…

…stenoses. Myocardial ischaemia may occur despite the absence of significant epicardial obstruction. In patients with anginal symptoms and unobstructed or non obstructive coronary arteries, possible…

…I, V5, and V6 (though a narrow Q wave may exist in aVL without myocardial pathology) [3] Absence of Q waves in I, V5, and…

…leads are unipolar or bipolar. Implantation history and current indication. Device function and battery status. Whether the patient is pacemaker dependent. Whether the device has…

…is 1–2 weeks after AMI, although descriptions of the syndrome include a broader interval of approximately 1–8 weeks. The pathogenesis is presumed to…

…renal impairment, and cerebrovascular accidents. HELLP syndrome is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Pregnancy related hypertension also influences obstetric management. In late preterm preeclampsia…

…Hypertension with spontaneous or diuretic induced hypokalaemia Hypertension with an adrenal incidentaloma Hypertension associated with sleep apnoea Hypertension with atrial fibrillation in the absence of…

…is defined haemodynamically by precapillary PH in the absence of CTEPH, lung disease, or another explanatory cause. PAH reflects marked pulmonary arterial remodelling, with fibroproliferative…

…the absence of symptoms, heart rates ≥30 beats/min are considered normal in highly trained athletes. Sinus rhythm should resume and bradycardia should resolve with…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Refractory angina is a chronic syndrome of persistent ischaemic symptoms despite the exhaustion of conventional therapeutic options…

…infarction (STEMI) is a working diagnosis based on persistent ST segment elevation or an equivalent electrocardiographic pattern in a patient with symptoms of myocardial ischaemia…

…Infrequent episodes observed during office based assessments may coexist with asymptomatic episodes. Consequently, the absence of AF during intermittent monitoring is not sufficient evidence that…

…hours. The extent and tempo of injury are influenced by collateral flow, myocardial oxygen consumption, and intermittent occlusion with reperfusion. Prompt reperfusion, when appropriate, reduces…

…syndrome, with exertional angina and ST segment depression related to fixed disease, together with rest angina and ST segment elevation caused by spasm. The absence…

…2 AV block, third degree AV block). Sick sinus syndrome or symptomatic bradycardia in the absence of a pacemaker. Hypersensitivity to adenosine. Administration Normal route…

…driver of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, primarily due to its association with ischemic stroke and systemic embolism. The contemporary understanding of AF has evolved…

…the highest risk of experiencing malign ventricular arrhythmias. Brugada syndrome is hereditary with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, meaning that only one mutated gene is…

…Stephen et al.). Figure 1 illustrates the decline in cardiopulmonary function and consciousness with decreasing body temperature. There appears to be a linear relationship between…

…of upper abdominal pain. An ECG recording costs approximately $10 (10€) and may reduce morbidity and mortality substantially in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Importantly…

Drugs and electrolyte imbalance ECG Digoxin ECG changes: arrhythmias, conduction defects and waveform changes Digoxin may be used in patients with heart failure, atrial fibrillation…

…patients with confirmed or likely dilated cardiomyopathy can be recommended. There are several commercially available gene panels, which enables testing of over 100 genes. Absence…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Genetic and miscellaneous conditions The early repolarization pattern and syndrome: from ECG criteria to management Although the early repolarization pattern has…

…R waves: R wave ≥0,04 s in V1 V2 and R/S ratio ≥1 with concordant positive T wave in absence of conduction defect…