…airway — a risk of aspiration Medicinal charcoal A corrosive substance (acid, alkali) — it makes endoscopic assessment more difficult and causes vomiting Medicinal charcoal Petroleum products —…

…often with chemical matrix ablation A nail spicule that has split off Removal of the spicule A painful subungual haematoma with an intact nail plate…

…all come before complete identification of the substance. Treatment of acute poisoning consists of four parallel components: supportive treatment, a targeted antidote, reduced absorption and…

…complementary to that of statins. Statins reduce hepatic cholesterol synthesis, whereas ezetimibe limits intestinal cholesterol uptake. Expected LDL C reduction Ezetimibe produces a modest LDL…

…plasma cells produce misfolded immunoglobulin light chains [8, 19]. Light chains are directly toxic to cardiomyocytes, inducing the elaboration of high levels of natriuretic peptides…

…typical circuits occurring in diseased atria—most frequently following surgery or extensive ablation, or under the influence of antiarrhythmic drugs—can produce atypical ECG patterns…

…ventilation–perfusion matching, increased physiological dead space and the Haldane effect. It is therefore misleading to explain the whole phenomenon as abolition of the patie

…Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Myocardial infarction (MI) is a clinical diagnosis that integrates myocardial injury, evidence of acute myocardial ischaemia, electrocardiographic findings…

…and in some cases substantially narrowed, the role of revascularization itself in stable coronary artery disease, while a distinct evidence base has emerged for coronary…

…College of Cardiology (ACC), The European Society for Cardiology (ESC), and the American Heart Association (AHA) have recommended that there should be universal adoption of…

…CKD), facilitating early intervention and management. Standardization: Its widespread adoption has led to standardized reporting of eGFR in clinical laboratories, enhancing consistency in patient care…

…identification of acute coronary occlusion (Al Zaiti et al, 2023). The proposed transition from the traditional STEMI/NSTEMI/UA classification to the OMI/NOMI approach…

…that incorporates pharmacological and interventional (substrate ablation) therapies [5] . This review synthesizes the current evidence base, emphasizing the 2022 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines…

…integrates early catheter ablation and sophisticated device therapy [1] [2] . This exhaustive review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the current state of VT management for…

…or electrocardiographic signs of myocardial ischemia but lacks this biomarker elevation. With the ubiquitous adoption of hs cTn assays, the incidence of diagnosed UA has…

…criteria for evaluating the success of TdP treatment or detailed step by step algorithms for alternative therapies when initial pharmacological approaches fail to suppress the…

…limb — poorer absorption. Injection into an arm with a dialysis fistula. Preparation and equipment Hand disinfection; gloves where there is a risk of blood contact…

…combined with statins because it alters statin absorption, hepatic uptake and disposition. Clinical presentation and symptoms Typical SAMS consists of: Symmetric muscle pain Muscle aching…

…hours duration): Due to cellular adaptations, rapid correction carries the risk of inducing osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS). It is therefore recommended to raise serum sodium…

…Hypocalcemia Causes of hypocalcemia Acute pancreatitis, pancreas surgery, alkalosis (hyperventilation), rhabdomyolysis, septicemia (sepsis), osteolytic cancer metastases, abnormal calcium absorption (gastrointestinal) and resorption (from primary urine…

…Discontinuation of digoxin is typically sufficient in patients whose atrial tachycardia is induced by the drug. Management of all other cases aligns with the approach…

…have good absorption and are best given orally when gut function is intact. Oral vancomycin (only for C. difficile) is likewise dosed independently of renal…