…pronounced during stress. RR is characterized by normal or near normal perfusion observed during stress, followed by the appearance of a perfusion defect in rest

…spreading from the left ventricle. This will also yield a wide QRS complex. Altered QRS morphology – Because the normal sequence of depolarization is altered in…

…physical activity and any other precipitating factor. Thresholds The thresholds below are used above all in diabetes. The severity of the symptoms and the patient…

…can have pathophysiological characteristics that differ from those of non obese patients, and obesity complicates assessment of intravascular volume in both ambulatory and inpatient settings…

…is flat and isoelectric (i.e in level with the baseline). Displacement of the ST segment is of fundamental importance, particularly in acute myocardial ischemia…

…however, and an abnormal result is not specific to delirium. Symptoms are often worse in the evening and at night, but diurnal variation is not…

…Hypocalcemia Causes of hypocalcemia Acute pancreatitis, pancreas surgery, alkalosis (hyperventilation), rhabdomyolysis, septicemia (sepsis), osteolytic cancer metastases, abnormal calcium absorption (gastrointestinal) and resorption (from primary urine…

…in which abnormal plasma cells produce misfolded immunoglobulin light chains [8, 19]. Light chains are directly toxic to cardiomyocytes, inducing the elaboration of high levels…

…limit is currently the 99th percentile in a healthy population. Troponin levels higher than the 99th percentile of a normal population are considered elevated (abnormal)…

…upright in leads with predominantly negative QRS complexes (such as V1 and V2) [7]. Etiology and Mechanisms LBBB may result from lesser degrees of conduction…

…it may also provoke abnormal automaticity in cells that normally do not exhibit automaticity. The effect on automaticity should be distinguished from the effect on…

…adult Abnormal relaxation (grade 1 dysfunction) Pseudonormal (grade 2 dysfunction) Reversible restrictive filling (grade 3 dysfunction) Irreversible restrictive filling (grade 4 dysfunction) E/A ratio…

…Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography…

…size and volume Women Men Normal range Mildly abnormal Moderately abnormal Severely abnormal Normal range Mildly abnormal Moderately abnormal Severely abnormal ATRIAL DIMENSIONS LA diameter…

…Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography…

…results in an r wave in V1 and q wave in V5. The third vector: the ventricular free wall The vectors resulting from activation of…

…often accompany QTc prolongation with new onset bradycardia or a high degree of heart block. In patients with severe mental illness (SMI) receiving antipsychotic therapy…

…transient abnormal vasoconstriction of one or more coronary arteries. Epicardial spasm produces a reversible functional occlusion and usually causes transmural ischaemia. The resulting abnormalities in…

…occlusions of arteries in the brain, limbs or other organs. However, the increased risk in mortality is not completely explained by the increased risk of…

…Go through the medication and any herbal preparations carefully — drug induced liver injury is the commonest cause of acute liver failure in the Nordic countries.

…exercise capacity, an abnormal blood pressure response or ventricular arrhythmias. A fall in systolic blood pressure, particularly when accompanied by evidence of ischaemia, may indicate…

…and reduced LV systolic function. The principal mechanisms are the combination of an abnormal thrombogenic endocardial surface and blood stasis. During the acute infarction phase…

…persisting from cardiac embryogenesis, are capable of exhibiting markedly increased automaticity, thereby serving as ectopic pacemaker foci. The term “ectopic” is often omitted in clinical…

…presence of an abnormal amount of fluid in the pericardial space. It can be caused by numerous local and systemic disorders. Accumulation of fluid in…

…that the gradual increase from V1 to V5 is absent. It may be broken, as in Figure 1 . Any type of infarction may cause pathological…

…discharged from an ectopic focus in the ventricles will spread abnormally (because the impulse did not enter the ventricles through the bundle of His). Abnormal…

…The regurgitation results in blood flowing back from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle during diastole. The most common cause of abnormal pulmonary regurgitation…

…to estimate the risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing anticoagulation therapy, particularly with warfarin. Developed from the ATRIA study cohort…

…chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. In European heart journal…

…Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography…

…Note that 10% of wide complex tachycardias actually originate from the atria but the QRS complexes become wide due to abnormal ventricular depolarization (e.g…

…either RV dysfunction or elevated biomarkers, or neither of these abnormalities in the presence of abnormal clinical risk assessment. Low risk PE is characterized by…

…may affect organs other than the brain. Patients with AF in the setting of ACS have more comorbidities and a higher risk of complications than…

…risk categories are distinct from the treatment threshold used in the BP guidelines. For adults with elevated BP, a calculated 10 year risk of ≥10%…

…represent abnormal communications between a coronary artery and a cardiac chamber or vessel. Other congenital anomalies include anomalous origin of a coronary artery from the…

…The syndrome remains fundamentally one of impaired cardiac performance, in which the heart cannot provide blood flow commensurate with the body’s requirements or can…

…burden of cardiovascular and non cardiovascular comorbidity than patients with reduced EF. Pathophysiology Abnormal ventricular relaxation and increased filling pressures The central hemodynamic abnormality in…

…metabolic abnormalities; and abnormal pain perception in patients without demonstrable ischaemia. The absence of obstructive disease therefore does not establish a benign diagnosis. ANOCA/INOCA…

…to ECG interpretation 1. Which of the following ECG findings is typically considered a normal variant in asymptomatic athletes with no significant family history? A:…

…The strongest established predictors of ischaemic stroke and systemic embolism are previous stroke or TIA and mitral stenosis. In patients with AF and previous ischaemic…

…result, pupils often dilate widely within 30–120 seconds of cardiac arrest and light reactivity is lost when cerebral blood flow ceases. In other words…

…passes through the bundle of His, and hence it originates in the atria. In other words: tachycardias with narrow QRS complexes originate in the atria…

…is assessed in order to determine whether impulse conduction from the atria to the ventricles is normal. The flat line between the end of the…

…dysfunctional automaticity in pacemaker cells or blocking of impulses somewhere along the conduction system. Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (tachycardia): rapid arrhythmias due to impulses originating from the…

…in the later part of the QRS complex as an R’ wave (pronounced "R prime"), which is directed anteriorly and rightward. Due to the abnormal…

…SB in healthy young individuals who are not well trained. This is also a normal finding. Abnormal (pathological) causes of sinus bradycardia In all other…

…transition from ST segment to T wave should be smooth. The amplitude of the T wave is rarely 6 mm in the limb leads. In…

…Causes of ventricular rhythm and idioventricular rhythm The usual mechanisms are responsible for all ventricular rhythms. Increased automaticity (in His Purkinje fibers), abnormal automaticity (in…

…higher than daytime The highest risk in the group Extreme dipper 20 % Also unfavourable, particularly in the elderly An abnormal 24 hour rhythm should prompt…

…pO₂, A–a gradient or PaO₂/FiO₂ Arterial blood gas COHb or MetHb Arterial or venous sample with co oximetry Follow up of pH in…

…Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. In Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography…

…At an eGFR of 15 mL/min/1.73 m², cardiovascular mortality risk may be as much as three times higher than in individuals without…

…documented rise and/or fall of cTn values. However, myocardial injury alone is an entity in itself and may arise from non ischaemic cardiac conditions…

…history of cigarette smoking may be present despite relatively few other conventional atherosclerotic risk factors. A substantial proportion present with NSTEMI, although STEMI occurs in…

…abnormality in an ischaemic distribution Identification of a coronary thrombus by angiography or autopsy, where applicable to the relevant infarction category Myocardial infarction results from…

…is age dependent and may rarely occur in healthy people older than 60 years. The abnormal slope does not itself distinguish precapillary from postcapillary disease…

…A diagnosis of MI should not be made solely from an abnormal cTn concentration in the absence of evidence of ischaemia. Classification of myocardial infarction…

…abnormal. A common cause of abnormally large T waves is hyperkalemia, which results in high, pointed and asymmetric T waves. These must be differentiated from…

…heart failure may occur in the context of acute myocardial ischaemia, though abnormal cardiac troponin (cTn) values in the setting of acute or chronic heart…

…risk factor [2] . This change reflects robust evidence that female sex alone, in the absence of other comorbidities, does not significantly increase stroke risk. Conversely…