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Nasogastric tube

…is rarely the difficult part — it is the confirmation of the position that determines whether the tube is safe. A misplaced tube in the airway…

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR/TI)

…annulus is displaced apically 0.8 mm/m 2 BSA. Basal segments of the right ventricle (i.e parts on the atrial side of the…

The electrical axis of the heart (ECG axis)

…Figure 2. The direction of the QRS complex. Axis deviation: right axis deviation (RAD) and left axis deviation (LAD) Causes of right axis deviation Normal…

The Cabrera format of the 12-lead ECG and inverted lead aVR

…the use of the Cabrera format in order to facilitate ECG interpretation. Lead –aVR: the inverted lead aVR As evident in Figure 2 there is…

Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk Management

…better maintenance of sinus rhythm in cohort studies. Obesity, reduced exercise capacity, hypertension and dyslipidaemia commonly coexist and should be considered part of the clinical…

Sudden cardiac arrest: Case 8

…ECG 2. The initial part shows QRS complexes with similar morphology as ECG 1, likely presenting a supraventricular rhythm. Three short bursts of ventricular tachycardia…

Hypoglycaemia: quick reference for emergency management

…aphasia and radiological changes resembling ischaemic stroke. Glucose measurement is therefore always part of the initial stroke assessment [1]. Treat immediately when there are symptoms…

Alcohol withdrawal and delirium tremens: quick reference

…titrated against clinical effect. 2. Parenteral thiamine early , preferably before or at the same time as carbohydrate administration. 3. Rapid identification of seizures, delirium tremens…

Epistaxis — compression, cautery and anterior nasal packing

…compression. The reason compression nevertheless so often fails is that it is done wrongly: the patient pinches the nasal bone instead of the soft part…

Urinary alkalinisation

…much bicarbonate is given. Potassium replacement is not the management of a side effect; it is part of the treatment itself. Indications Salicylate poisoning with…

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