The echocardiographic examination The use of echocardiography has increased dramatically during the past few decades. Advances in echocardiography have been propelled by breakthroughs in engineering,…
The Bernoulli principle and pressure gradients using Doppler measurements Continuous wave Doppler and pulsed wave Doppler can measure the velocity of erythrocytes as they travel…
Hemodynamic calculations with PISA (Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area) PISA (Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area) is a phenomenon that occurs when liquid flows through a circular orifice.…
The Continuity Equation: What Goes In Must Come Out As previously discussed, stroke volume is usually calculated by measuring area and VTI (velocity time integral)…
Principles of flows and volumes in the heart If the flow in a cylinder is constant, then flow (Q) is the product of the cylinder…
Calculation of hemodynamic parameters by ultrasound Hemodynamics is the study of blood flow dynamics. The physical laws that govern blood flow are fundamental in echocardiography.…
Ultrasound artifacts The following artifacts are common in ultrasound imaging: The ultrasound image displays non-existing structures. The ultrasound image does not display existing structures. The…
Tissue Doppler (Tissue Velocity Imaging) Previous chapters on Doppler imaging have all focused on measurements of blood flow. However, the Doppler effect can also be…
Color Doppler Velocities recorded in a sample volume of the pulsed wave Doppler can be presented with a color. A color scale from blue to…
Continuous Wave Doppler In continuous wave Doppler (CW Doppler), ultrasound waves are continuously emitted from the transducer and the reflections of these waves are analyzed…
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