The standard transthoracic echocardiographic examination This chapter presents a sequential series of images that comprise a complete standard echocardiographic examination. The image views are discussed…
Principles of echocardiographic examinations In small children, it is possible to perform the entire transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) with the child in the supine position. This…
The echocardiographic examination The use of echocardiography has increased dramatically during the past few decades. Advances in echocardiography have been propelled by breakthroughs in engineering,…
The Bernoulli principle and pressure gradients using Doppler measurements Continuous wave Doppler and pulsed wave Doppler can measure the velocity of erythrocytes as they travel…
Hemodynamic calculations with PISA (Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area) PISA (Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area) is a phenomenon that occurs when liquid flows through a circular orifice.…
The Continuity Equation: What Goes In Must Come Out As previously discussed, stroke volume is usually calculated by measuring area and VTI (velocity time integral)…
Principles of flows and volumes in the heart If the flow in a cylinder is constant, then flow (Q) is the product of the cylinder…
Calculation of hemodynamic parameters by ultrasound Hemodynamics is the study of blood flow dynamics. The physical laws that govern blood flow are fundamental in echocardiography.…
Ultrasound artifacts The following artifacts are common in ultrasound imaging: The ultrasound image displays non-existing structures. The ultrasound image does not display existing structures. The…
Tissue Doppler (Tissue Velocity Imaging) Previous chapters on Doppler imaging have all focused on measurements of blood flow. However, the Doppler effect can also be…
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