…Agent Standard dose in atrial fibrillation Criteria for dose reduction according to FASS : : : Apixaban 5 mg × 2 2.5 mg × 2 if at least two…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Critical care Definition and pathophysiology Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent supraventricular arrhythmia in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and…

…prevalence figures are scarce). Indeed, the strongest risk factor for developing atrial fibrillation is age. Other significant risk factors are as follows: male sex, hypertension…

…anticoagulant therapies, balancing the imperative of stroke prevention against the inherent risks of iatrogenic hemorrhage. ECG recordings of atrial fibrillation. Click to enlarge. Risk Stratification…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a major independent risk factor for thromboembolism, including ischaemic stroke. This risk applies…

…B, Lane DA, Lip GYH. Comparison of bleeding risk scores in patients with atrial fibrillation: insights from the AFFIRM trial. J Intern Med . 2018;283…

…on the ECG. The flutter waves (on the contrary to f waves in atrial fibrillation) have identical morphology (in each ECG lead). Flutter waves are…

…and enlargement may reduce atrial and ventricular function as well as predispose to significant arrhythmias. Typically, atrial enlargement predisposes to atrial fibrillation/flutter and ventricular…

…the CTI has been definitively ruled out. Typical flutter is closely related to atrial fibrillation (AF) in clinical practice. Both arrhythmias are associated with similar…

…Although atrial premature beats are harmless, they can trigger sustained supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (e.g. atrial fibrillation, AVNRT, AVRT, etc. ). Premature atrial contraction on ECG A…

…patients whose atrial tachycardia is induced by the drug. Management of all other cases aligns with the approach used for atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter…

CPR ECG 1 . The initial rhythm is atrial fibrillation. The fifth beat is a ventricular premature beat. A ventricular tachycardia (VT) emerges. As evident, ventricular…

CPR ECG 1 . The underlying rhythm is atrial fibrillation, which is interrupted by polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG 2 . Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. ECG 3 . Spontaneous…

…atrial fibrillation. Three QRS T complexes are seen, with the latter two having similar QRS morphology. These beats may originate from the ventricles or atria…

…12 s): sinus tachycardia, inappropriate sinus tachycardia, sinoatrial re entry tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, atrial tachycardia, multifocal atrial tachycardia, AVNRT, AVRT (pre excitation, WPW)…

…HEMORR₂HAGES bleeding risk score is a clinical tool developed to assess the risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) on anticoagulation therapy…

…Non surgery patients: atrial fibrillation ≤7 days duration. Post cardiac surgery: atrial fibrillation ≤3 days duration. Vernakalant does not convert atrial flutter to sinus rhythm…

…first line therapies. Digoxin is also used frequently in the emergency setting to control ventricular rate during supraventricular tachycardias (e.g.atrial fibrillation). Because digoxin…

…Doses in atrial fibrillation Drug Standard dose Reduced dose and criterion : : : Apixaban 5 mg twice daily 2.5 mg twice daily if at least two…

…As of 2025, it is recommended to use the CHA₂DS₂ VA score for stroke risk assessment in atrial fibrillation patients. By excluding the sex parameter…

…widely recognized and validated tool used to assess the one year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who are taking anticoagulants…

…atherosclerosis, heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation and cardiovascular events. In clinical practice, obesity is conventionally defined by a body mass index (BMI) of ≥30 kg…

…myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation (AF), aortic disease, and peripheral artery disease (PAD). Diabetes also substantially increases the risk of chronic kidney…

…interpretation difficult, including left bundle branch block (LBBB) or pacemaker rhythms. Atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter Patients on medications such as nitrates, beta blockers, or…

…Ectopic atrial tachycardia or SVT that has not been terminated by vagal manoeuvres, adenosine or rate controlling drugs. New onset fibrillation of certain duration below…

…organized tachyarrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, and hemodynamically compromising ventricular tachycardia, while defibrillation (unsynchronized shock) is reserved for ventricular fibrillation…

…TABLE 1. SOURCES OF CARDIAC EMBOLI AND EMBOLIC POTENTIAL HIGH EMBOLIC POTENTIAL Atrial arrhythmias — especially atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. Ischemic heart disease Both acute…

…are no absolute contraindications. Refrain or adapt in atrial fibrillation with a rapid and irregular ventricular rate (oscillometric measurement becomes unreliable), lymphoedema or a dialysis…

…bradycardia. Bradycardia may be present despite a high atrial rate (for example atrial fibrillation) if the block in the AV node is high grade. Causes…

…event, where DOACs have proved inferior. Atrial fibrillation with marked renal failure or on dialysis, where DOACs lack documentation or have only weak evidence. Venous…

…total cholesterol and triglycerides) Atrial fibrillation BMI categories The World Health Organization defines BMI categories as follows: Underweight : Less than 18.5 Normal weight : 18…

…Adverse effects Headache. Nausea. Fever. Atrial fibrillation. Worsening of heart failure. Caution • Used cautiously in patients with acute heart failure. • Clevidipine can cause reflex tachycardia…

…myocardial infarction may coexist with adverse effects on stroke, heart failure, cardiovascular mortality and atrial fibrillation. Consequently, alcohol should not be initiated as a cardiovascular…

…Atrial arrhythmias, particularly atrial fibrillation and flutter, are common and may precipitate heart failure [8, 10]. Refractory atrial arrhythmias resistant to antiarrhythmic drugs or repeated…

…cerebrovascular disease, valvular heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and other arrhythmias or conduction abnormalities. CKD also worsens the prognosis of established CVD. Mechanisms linking…

…pathways. The source material also describes possible antiarrhythmic effects, associated with reductions in sudden cardiac death and atrial fibrillation. Dietary quality also affects energy balance…

…significant dynamic change is consistent with chronic myocardial injury. Non ischaemic conditions, including myocarditis, rapid ventricular rate atrial fibrillation, marked anaemia, hypertensive emergency, heart failure…

…effective only when the patient is in sinus rhythm. Its role in atrial fibrillation remains uncertain, although it may have a rate reducing effect in…

…sex and blood pressure, affected patients have more frequent stroke, nonfatal myocardial infarction and atrial fibrillation, as well as greater cardiovascular mortality. Metabolic syndrome and…

…contraindication) . Irregular wide complex tachycardia is most often due to atrial fibrillation with wide QRS complexes due to bundle branch blocks or other conduction defects…

…threatening arrhythmias. Antiarrhythmic drugs Disopyramide Indications Prophylaxis and treatment of symptomatic ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Prophylaxis and treatment of atrial fibrillation. Effects of disopyramide on ECG, heart…

…resulting in increased AV block. Sinus node dysfunction can be caused by supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (e.g. atrial fibrillation). Typically, periods of sinus node dysfunction occur…

…Yokokawa et al). Tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy is presumably the main cause of left ventricular dysfunction among patients with atrial fibrillation and other supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Moreover…

…to terminate ventricular fibrillation. Cardioversion : Use of synchronized electric shock (i.e. a shock synchronized to the QRS complex). Typically used to treat atrial fibrillation…

…Conversely, atrial fibrillation and non cardiac comorbidities are less frequent than in HFpEF. The clinical population is heterogeneous because the HFmrEF range includes both patients…

…an important contributor. Older age, female sex, atrial fibrillation (AF), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and multiple non cardiovascular conditions are frequent features. A proposed disease…

…and atrial fibrillation (AF). It is also effective in preventing the recurrence of a wide variety of supraventricular tachycardias (SVTs), including atrial flutter, atrial tachycardia…

…In clinical practice aberration is commonly seen in patients with atrial fibrillation because these patients have rapid and irregular rhythms with frequently changing RR intervals…

…12 s): sinus tachycardia, inappropriate sinus tachycardia, sinoatrial re entry tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, atrial tachycardia, multifocal atrial tachycardia, AVNRT, AVRT (pre excitation, WPW)…

…due to ventricular depolarization proceeding outside the conduction system. Figure 4. Pacing in the right atrium and the right ventricle. Figure 5. Atrial fibrillation an

…min produce vasoconstriction, which predominates at doses 15 μg/kg/min. Tachycardia. An increased ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation. Ventricular arrhythmias. Myocardial ischaemia. Hypertension …

…without antiphospholipid syndrome. The doses in venous thromboembolism include an initial high dose phase and differ from the doses used in atrial fibrillation. Follow the…

…chosen instead (Class 1 B recommendation). There are several models for risk stratifying patients with atrial fibrillation, and CHADS VASc is currently the most widely…

…Adverse effects Headache. Nausea. Fever. Atrial fibrillation. Worsening of heart failure. Caution • Used cautiously in patients with acute heart failure. • Clevidipine can cause reflex tachycardia…

…from sudden cardiac death. Atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias were observed in the fifth decade of life in several family members. Imaging studies did not…

…Hypertension, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, and age related changes in left ventricular filling contribute to susceptibility. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is regarded as a…

…paid to potentially reversible causes and associated cardiovascular conditions, including coronary syndromes, valvular disease, atrial fibrillation, ventricular arrhythmias, conduction disease and hypertension. Non cardiovascular contributors

…optimal neurohormonal blockade and adequate volume control. It is also utilized for ventricular rate control in atrial fibrillation, particularly when other therapeutic options cannot be…

…myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, atrial fibrillation and peripheral artery disease. Prognosis is generally worse when diabetes coexists with these conditions. However, the cardiovascular effects…

…mellitus, chronic kidney disease (CKD), sedentary lifestyle, and atrial fibrillation (AF) [5] . Unlike HFrEF, where epicardial ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction are primary drivers…