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Diuretic Strategy and Decongestion in Heart Failure

…a central expression of the heart failure syndrome and reflects excessive retention of sodium and water, with expansion of both the intravascular and extravascular compartments…

Physics of ultrasound

…e.g air, water, metal, or tissue and fluids in the human body. Sound waves arise when a sound source generates mechanical vibrations in the…

Hyponatraemia: quick reference for work-up and correction

…urine osmolality and urine sodium before treatment. 5. With severe symptoms: give hypertonic saline immediately. Do not wait for a complete work up of the…

Otoscopy and ear syringing

…ear canal , past the plug — not straight at it. The water should get behind the wax and push it out. 6. Use moderate pressure. R

Contrast-Associated Acute Kidney Injury: Risk Assessment and Prevention

…of other forms of acute tubular necrosis, although the complication remains associated with post procedural morbidity and mortality. Pathophysiology The precise mechanism of contrast induced…

Interpreting NT-proBNP and BNP in Clinical Decision-Making

…universal and may be transient. Because NT proBNP is not a neprilysin substrate, it remains more closely related to the clinical state during treatment with…

Resistant Hypertension: Evaluation and Treatment

…White coat hypertension; Poor adherence or persistence with prescribed therapy; Inadequate dosing; An inappropriate diuretic for kidney function; Excess dietary sodium and volume overload; Concomitant…

Physics of myocardial perfusion imaging (SPECT, PET): Radiotracers, perfusion, blood flow and viability

…analog with a 73 hour half life, entering cardiomyocytes via the Na + /K + ATPase pump. It undergoes redistribution, making it suitable for assessing viability and…

Anthropometric measurements

…obese patients. Lean body weight is used for propofol and rocuronium; actual weight for suxamethonium and for hydrophilic drugs distributed in total body water. Body…

Casting and immobilisation

…in tepid water and squeeze out the excess without wringing. 5. Put the slab in place and mould with the whole palm, never with the…

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