…assess AV conduction and may include the infusion of agents to stress the AV node and His Purkinje system, such as isoproterenol and/or procainamide…

…aortic disease. Secondary causes, particularly diabetes, thyroid disease, kidney disease, alcohol excess, dietary factors and relevant medications. Cardiovascular risk category and the adequacy of LDL…

…Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology In the management of acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock, intravenous vasoactive agents are categorised according to their distinct pharmacodynamic…

…of the course. An AST/ALT ratio 2 with moderately raised values suggests alcohol related liver disease; a ratio < 1 suggests steatohepatitis or viral…

…ventilation–perfusion matching, increased physiological dead space and the Haldane effect. It is therefore misleading to explain the whole phenomenon as abolition of the patie

…19 causes ventricular dysfunction. Guo et al also demonstrate that troponin T and NT pro BNP may be used as prognostic markers during the disease…

…common cause of pericardial effusion is infections, such as viral, bacterial, and tuberculous infections. Post pericardiotomy syndrome. Acute transmural myocardial infarction. Rupture of the free…

…myocarditis may cause elevated troponin levels (myocardial cells may die as a result of inflammation). Note two differences regarding the clinical presentation of STEMI and…

…Causes Tamponade shares the causes of pericardial effusion. Important clinical associations include: Idiopathic or viral pericarditis Malignant pericardial disease Tuberculosis Purulent or bacterial pericarditis Trauma…

…If a reversible cause of bradycardia is suspected, management should be targeted at that cause. With regards to medications, the clinical need must be reconsidered…

…which requires body plethysmography DLCO Diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide An obstructive pattern: FEV₁/FVC below the lower limit of normal (traditionally < 0.70)…

…with a mean gradient ≥ 40 mmHg. Fluid responsiveness Static measures such as the CVP predict fluid responsiveness poorly. Dynamic measures are better: a pulse pressure…

…as acute brain failure. It is precipitated by somatic illness, drugs, poisoning, withdrawal, surgery or several concurrent factors. A diagnosis of delirium is therefore the…

…cardiovascular disease or in those who are otherwise haemodynamically unstable. The benefit of its administration in these patients should be carefully balanced against the potential…

…to vital organs than systolic blood pressure alone. Predictive Value : Elevated MAP has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke…

…periods, in cases of unwitnessed cardiac arrests, as well as if the initial rhythm was asystole (Podsiadlo et al.). Assess life signs: Vital parameters. ECG…

…primarily due to the misuse of prescription medications and illicit substances. Currently, opioid overdose stands as a predominant etiological factor for cardiac arrest within this…

…causes prolapse to be underestimated. Offer a chaperone according to local procedure; this is recommended for all examinations of the breasts, the genitalia and the…

…managed as neutropenic sepsis even if the temperature criterion is not met. The first hour Step Action : : 1 ABCDE, full vital signs, level of consciousness…

…the 99th percentile. The clinical presentation should not be interpreted in isolation. The initial diagnosis and triage depend on integration of symptoms, vital signs, the…

…failure, and end stage renal disease, may produce elevated troponin concentrations. The probability of MI increases continuously as the absolute hs cTn concentration rises. Early…

…regarded as an isolated electrocardiographic pattern in every case; it may represent the posterior component of a broader infarct territory. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The…

…The VF waveform is initially coarse ( i.e fibrillatory waves have large amplitudes) but as the duration of VF is prolonged, the amplitude gradually diminishes…